Discrimination experienced by landed immigrants in Canada

Immigrants land in Canada with great hopes and multiple dreams, but the General Social Survey 2009 shows that one-fifth of them face discrimination in various situations once they have arrived. Ethnicity, race, language, and religion are the major grounds of discrimination. In this paper, the experiences of discrimination of landed immigrants are compared with those of non-immigrants. A logistic regression analysis is used on GSS data to predict the probability of facing discrimination based on the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of a person. Separate models are prepared for landed immigrants and non-immigrants. Results show that immigrants are much more likely to face discrimination than non-immigrants. Visible minorities and younger persons face higher levels of discrimination compared to non-visible minorities and older persons. Irrespective of their gender, household income, language, region of domicile, and number of evening activities, landed immigrants have similar chances of facing discrimination; whereas, for non-immigrants, these characteristics make a significant difference in their experiences of discrimination. Key Words: Discrimination, immigrant, race, ethnicity, and human rights.

Goddess Worship and Bhakti

The worship of goddesses has been a vital part of Hinduism for centuries. There are innumerable goddesses whose worship encompasses a wide range of perspectives and practices that vary by language, region, tradition, and context. Some goddesses’ stories and iconography are pan-Indian, such as the supreme Devī in the 6th-century Devī-Māhātmya, while other goddesses’ devotional arenas are regional or limited to a particular locale. Bhakti is generally defined as devotion to a personal deity, including a goddess, expressed in praise texts in Sanskrit and in devotional songs and poetry in vernacular languages. Some goddesses are part of devotional traditions within a Brahmanical socioreligious order and temple orthodoxy in which rituals are performed by a priest; others are part of bhakti movements that resist religious and social norms. Śāktism is, in brief, the worship of the fundamental cosmic power, śakti, conceived of as the Goddess, supreme deity, and ultimate reality, whereas in Śaivism and Vaiṣṇavism the goddess is worshiped as the śakti of the male gods Śiva and Viṣṇu. The goddess is also equated with prakṛti, the material foundation of creation, so Śāktism centers on the sacredness and reality of the material world. Kathleen Erndl notes that although Śāktism pervades Hindu worship, it is more difficult to define than either Śaivism or Vaiṣṇavism (Erndl 2004, cited in General and Historical Overviews, “Śākta,” p. 140). In some Śākta traditions bhakti is the primary mode of attention to the goddess. Contemporary devotees may consider the goddess as transcendent and/or immanent; as ultimate reality and/or intimate Mother. Goddesses are worshiped in iconographic forms, such as images in temples and home shrines, natural sites in the landscape such as rivers or mountains, aniconic forms such as a stone under a tree, or the center of the human heart. Regular or occasional worship practices may be directed to a personal goddess, lineage deity, village protector, or goddesses with particular areas of power, and range from devotion to propitiation, divination, and healing. Rituals may be performed by priests or other specialists, but many are performed by devotees themselves, who may make a vow (Sanskrit vrata) to perform particular rites in exchange for desired goals; these rites include fasting, making particular offerings, body piercing, sacrificing an animal, possession, and going on pilgrimage. In Śākta tantra, the goddess may be worshiped in yantras or sacred diagrams and in mantras or sacred syllables, and women manifest the goddess in ritual contexts. Through esoteric yogic and ritual techniques the practitioner accesses the correspondences between the microcosm of the human body and the macrocosm of the universe to realize the fundamental identity with the goddess in order to achieve powers and ultimate liberation. This article focuses on worship and bhakti practices directed toward goddesses; for broader treatments of these topics, see the separate Oxford Bibliographies Online articles Bhakti, Goddess, and Shaktism. For the worship of goddesses with the gods Shiva and Vishnu, see Shiva and Viṣṇu.

Discrimination experienced by landed immigrants in Canada

Immigrants land in Canada with great hopes and multiple dreams, but the General Social Survey 2009 shows that one-fifth of them face discrimination in various situations once they have arrived. Ethnicity, race, language, and religion are the major grounds of discrimination. In this paper, the experiences of discrimination of landed immigrants are compared with those of non-immigrants. A logistic regression analysis is used on GSS data to predict the probability of facing discrimination based on the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of a person. Separate models are prepared for landed immigrants and non-immigrants. Results show that immigrants are much more likely to face discrimination than non-immigrants. Visible minorities and younger persons face higher levels of discrimination compared to non-visible minorities and older persons. Irrespective of their gender, household income, language, region of domicile, and number of evening activities, landed immigrants have similar chances of facing discrimination; whereas, for non-immigrants, these characteristics make a significant difference in their experiences of discrimination. Key Words: Discrimination, immigrant, race, ethnicity, and human rights.

Discrimination experienced by landed immigrants in Canada

Immigrants land in Canada with great hopes and multiple dreams, but the General Social Survey 2009 shows that one-fifth of them face discrimination in various situations once they have arrived. Ethnicity, race, language, and religion are the major grounds of discrimination. In this paper, the experiences of discrimination of landed immigrants are compared with those of non-immigrants. A logistic regression analysis is used on GSS data to predict the probability of facing discrimination based on the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of a person. Separate models are prepared for landed immigrants and non-immigrants. Results show that immigrants are much more likely to face discrimination than non-immigrants. Visible minorities and younger persons face higher levels of discrimination compared to non-visible minorities and older persons. Irrespective of their gender, household income, language, region of domicile, and number of evening activities, landed immigrants have similar chances of facing discrimination; whereas, for non-immigrants, these characteristics make a significant difference in their experiences of discrimination. Key Words: Discrimination, immigrant, race, ethnicity, and human rights.

Acknowledging Diversity: Need of Hour in Education

Diversity entails differences among individuals in terms of their religion, caste, language, region, culture, traditions, customs, etc. India being a pluralistic society these differences are evident amongst learners in classrooms as well. The need of the hour is to acknowledge this diversity amongst learners in our classrooms and appreciate the heterogeneous pool present in our classrooms. This would help to make the instruction specific to the individual needs of the students resulting in a boost to the educational outcomes of the students concerned

Drivers of Acceptance of COVID-19 Proximity Tracing Apps in Switzerland: Panel Survey Analysis

Background Digital proximity tracing apps have been released to mitigate the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the virus known to cause COVID-19. However, it remains unclear how the acceptance and uptake of these apps can be improved. Objective This study aimed to investigate the coverage of the SwissCovid app and the reasons for its nonuse in Switzerland during a period of increasing incidence of COVID-19 cases. Methods We collected data between September 28 and October 8, 2020, via a nationwide online panel survey (COVID-19 Social Monitor, N=1511). We examined sociodemographic and behavioral factors associated with app use by using multivariable logistic regression, whereas reasons for app nonuse were analyzed descriptively. Results Overall, 46.5% (703/1511) of the survey participants reported they used the SwissCovid app, which was an increase from 43.9% (662/1508) reported in the previous study wave conducted in July 2020. A higher monthly household income (ie, income >CHF 10,000 or >US $11,000 vs income ≤CHF 6000 or <US $6600 [reference]: odds ratio [OR] 1.92, 95% CI 1.40-2.64), more frequent internet use (ie, daily [reference] vs less than weekly: OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.16-0.85), better adherence to recommendations for wearing masks (ie, always or most of the time [reference] vs rarely or never: OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.15-0.52), and nonsmoker status (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.01-1.71) were associated with an increased likelihood for app uptake. Citizenship status (ie, non-Swiss citizenship vs. Swiss [reference]: OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.43-0.87), and language region (French vs Swiss German [reference]: OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.46-0.80) were associated with a lower likelihood for app uptake. Further analysis in a randomly selected subsample (n=712) with more detailed information showed that higher levels of trust in government and health authorities were also associated with a higher likelihood for app uptake (ie, high vs low [reference] trust: OR 3.13, 95% CI 1.58-6.22). The most frequent reasons for app nonuse were lack of perceived benefit of using the app (297/808, 36.8%), followed by the lack of a compatible phone (184/808, 22.8%), and privacy concerns (181/808, 22.4%). Conclusions Eliminating technical hurdles and communicating the benefits of digital proximity tracing apps are crucial to promote further uptake and adherence of such apps and, ultimately, enhance their effectiveness to aid pandemic mitigation strategies.

Drivers of Acceptance of COVID-19 Proximity Tracing Apps in Switzerland: Panel Survey Analysis (Preprint)

BACKGROUND Digital proximity tracing apps have been released to mitigate the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the virus known to cause COVID-19. However, it remains unclear how the acceptance and uptake of these apps can be improved. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the coverage of the SwissCovid app and the reasons for its nonuse in Switzerland during a period of increasing incidence of COVID-19 cases. METHODS We collected data between September 28 and October 8, 2020, via a nationwide online panel survey (COVID-19 Social Monitor, N=1511). We examined sociodemographic and behavioral factors associated with app use by using multivariable logistic regression, whereas reasons for app nonuse were analyzed descriptively. RESULTS Overall, 46.5% (703/1511) of the survey participants reported they used the SwissCovid app, which was an increase from 43.9% (662/1508) reported in the previous study wave conducted in July 2020. A higher monthly household income (ie, income &gt;CHF 10,000 or &gt;US $11,000 vs income ≤CHF 6000 or &lt;US $6600 [reference]: odds ratio [OR] 1.92, 95% CI 1.40-2.64), more frequent internet use (ie, daily [reference] vs less than weekly: OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.16-0.85), better adherence to recommendations for wearing masks (ie, always or most of the time [reference] vs rarely or never: OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.15-0.52), and nonsmoker status (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.01-1.71) were associated with an increased likelihood for app uptake. Citizenship status (ie, non-Swiss citizenship vs. Swiss [reference]: OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.43-0.87), and language region (French vs Swiss German [reference]: OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.46-0.80) were associated with a lower likelihood for app uptake. Further analysis in a randomly selected subsample (n=712) with more detailed information showed that higher levels of trust in government and health authorities were also associated with a higher likelihood for app uptake (ie, high vs low [reference] trust: OR 3.13, 95% CI 1.58-6.22). The most frequent reasons for app nonuse were lack of perceived benefit of using the app (297/808, 36.8%), followed by the lack of a compatible phone (184/808, 22.8%), and privacy concerns (181/808, 22.4%). CONCLUSIONS Eliminating technical hurdles and communicating the benefits of digital proximity tracing apps are crucial to promote further uptake and adherence of such apps and, ultimately, enhance their effectiveness to aid pandemic mitigation strategies.

Drivers of acceptance of COVID-19 proximity tracing apps in Switzerland

BackgroundDigital proximity tracing (DPT) apps have been released to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 transmission. But it remains unclear how their acceptance and uptake can be improved. The aim of this study was to investigate SwissCovid app coverage and reasons for not using the app in Switzerland during a time of increasing SARS-CoV-2 incidence.MethodsBy use of data collected between 28.09.2020 to 08.10.2020 for a nationwide online panel survey (Covid-19 Social Monitor, n=1’511 participants), socio-demographic and behavioral factors associated with app usage were examined using multivariable logistic regression. Reasons for app non-use were analyzed descriptively.ResultsOverall, 46.5% of participants reported using the SwissCovid app (up from 43.9% in a study wave conducted in July 2020).A higher monthly household income (e.g. OR 1.92 [1.40-2.64] for an income >CHF 10’000 vs. an income ≤ CHF 6’000), more frequent internet use (e.g., daily (reference) vs. less than weekly OR 0.37 [0.16-0.85]), better adherence to mask-wearing recommendations (e.g., always or most of the time (reference) vs. rarely or never OR 0.28 [0.15-0.52]), and being a non-smoker (OR 1.32 [1.01-1.71]) were associated with an increased likelihood for app uptake. Citizenship status (e.g., non-Swiss citizenship 0.61 [0.43-0.87] vs. Swiss citizenship only), and language region (French 0.61 [0.46-0.80], vs. Swiss German) were associated with a lower app uptake probability.In a randomly selected subsample (n=711) with more detailed information, higher levels of trust in government and health authorities were additionally associated with a higher app uptake probability (e.g., OR 3.13 [1.58-6.22] for high vs. low trust (reference)).The most frequent reasons for app non-use was lack of perceived benefit of the app (36.8%), 22.8% reported to have no compatible phone, and 22.4% had privacy concerns.ConclusionRemoving technical hurdles and communicating the benefits of DPT-apps are crucial to promote further uptake, compliance, and ultimately to enhance effectiveness of DPT-apps for pandemic mitigation.

NASIONALISME DALAM FILM SURAT KALENG KARYA AZHARI MEUGIT

This article studies about nationalism in the film Tin Can by Azhari Meugit the directed by Fauzan Santa. The film was published in 2018 with a 1950s film background. This film is known for its nationalism content. The scope of this study covers the doctrine of nationalism in the Film Canned Letter. Nationalism that wants to be seen in this research includes the doctrine of nationalism which means nationalism as an idea, concept, ideas, views, and as an understanding that is realized in the form of autonomy, unity, equality, and national identity. The problem in this study was formulated, namely how is nationalism in the Canned Letter Film by Fauzan Santa? This study utilizes the theory of literary sociology with qualitative methods. The data source of this research is the Canned Letter Film by Fauzan Santa. The data in this study are the doctrines of nationalism in the Canned Letter Film by Fauzan Santa in the form of character dialogue, and also visualization of images that support the study material. The results of this study show that the people of Aceh have nationalism in the form of 1) National autonomy refers to the concepts of freedom and liberation in the form of anti-colonial, participatory in national development, and effectiveness in the implementation of national planning. 2) Unity refers to the concept of ideological unity namely Islam, regional unity, namely Indonesia, and cultural and linguistic unity. 3) The similarity possessed by Aceh and Indonesia is the similarity of determination to achieve independence even though multicultural, but nevertheless there is a similarity of determination, equality of descent, language, region, political unity, customs and traditions, and religion that shape the nationalism of the Acehnese. 4) National identity, namely linguistic identity, Indonesian. Furthermore, other national identities include the President of the Republic of Indonesia, the Indonesian People, and the Indonesian People. Abstrak Artikel ini mengkaji tentang nasionalisme di dalam film Surat Kaleng karya Azhari Meugit ini disutradarai oleh Fauzan Santa. Film ini diterbitkan pada tahun 2018 dengan latar film tahun 1950-an. Film ini dikenal dengan muatan nasionalisme di dalamnya. Ruang lingkup kajian ini meliputi doktrin nasionalisme di dalam Film Surat Kaleng. Nasionalisme yang ingin dilihat dalam penelitian ini meliputi doktrin nasionalisme yang bermakna nasionalisme sebagai ide, konsep, gagasan, pandangan, dan sebagai paham yang terwujud dalam bentuk otonomi, kesatuan, kesamaan, dan identitas nasional. Dirumuskanlah masalah dalam kajian ini, yaitu bagaimanakah nasionalisme dalam Film Surat Kaleng karya Azhari Meugit? Kajian ini memanfaatkan teori sosiologi sastra dengan metode kualitatif. Sumber data penelitian ini adalah Film Surat Kaleng karya Azhari Meugit yang disutradarai oleh Fauzan Santa.Yang menjadi data dalam kajian ini adalah doktrin-doktrin nasionalisme dalam Film Surat Kaleng karya Fauzan Santa dalam bentuk dialog tokoh, dan juga visualisasi gambar yang mendukung pada bahan kajian. Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan masyarakat Aceh memiliki nasionalisme dalam bentuk 1) Otonomi nasional merujuk pada konsep kebebasan dan pembebasan dalam bentuk antikolonial, partisipatif dalam pembangunan Nasional, dan efektifitas dalam pelaksanaan perencanaan nasional. 2) Kesatuan merujuk pada konsep kesatuan ideology yaitu Islam, kesatuan wilayah, yaitu Indonesia, dan kesatuan budaya dan bahasa. 3) Kesamaan yang dimiliki Aceh dan Indonesia adalah kesamaan tekad untuk mencapai kemerdekaan meskipun dari multicultural, namun demikian adanya kesamaan tekad, persamaan keturunan, bahasa, daerah, kesatuan politik, adat-istiadat dan tradisi, serta agama yang membentuk nasionalismenya orang Aceh. 4) Identitas nasional, yaitu identitas kebahasaan, Bahasa Indonesia. Selanjutnya, identitas nasional lainnya antara lain, Presiden RI, Bangsa Indonesia, dan Rakyat Indonesia. Kata Kuci: Film, Nasionalisme, Surat Kaleng