scholarly journals New Archaeological Discoveries: Gates and Turrets of 16th century Burmese Royal Capital of Haṁsāvatī | ရှးေ ရောငး် သရု ေသနဆငုိ ှ် ာရေ့ေ ှခိေ ျကအ် သစမ် ျား - (၁၆) ှာစ ုလကှ် ာ ေသံ ာဝေမီ မုိ ့ရောမ် ေေခံ ါးရေါကန် ငေ ပ့် ေအးုိ များ

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Heritage Conservation ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
Conservation Policies ◽  
Architectural Elements ◽  
Construction Techniques ◽  
Ancient City ◽  
Excavation Work ◽  
Wall Construction ◽  
The City

This paper explores the styles of construction and the city features of the sixteenth century royal capital of Haṁsāvatī, located in Bago, Myanmar. It was founded by King Bayinnaung in 1566 CE. Throughout its existence, the ancient city has been devastated by natural disasters, weak heritage conservation policies, and urban encroachments. Starting from 2018, excavation work on Haṁsāvatī wall was started and research was carried out on up to four excavation mounds. Archaeological excavations have revealed a wealth of evidence on architecture, including the city walls, gateways, and turrets. This research examines the architectural elements found during the excavations of the Haṁsāvatī wall, construction techniques, renovations and destructions throughout centuries. New hypotheses and discoveries from excavations, cross-examinations with historical records will also be presented. ဤစာတမ်းငယ်သည် မမန်မာနိုင်ငံ၊ ပဲခူးမမို့တွင် တည်ရှိသသာ (၁၆) ရာစုနှစ်လက်ရာ ဟံသာဝတီမမို့သတာ်၏ တည်သောက်မှုပုံစံနှင့် မမို့မပအင်္ဂါရပ်တို့ကို ရှာသွွသွာ်ထုတ်ထားပါသည်။ ဤမမို့သတာ်ကို ဘုရင့်သနာင်မင်းတရားကကီးက သအဒီ (၁၅၆၆) တွင် စတင်တည်သထာင်ခဲ့မခင်းမွစ်သည်။ ရာဇဝင်နှင့်မှတ်တမ်းများအရ မမို့သဟာင်းသည် သဘာဝသဘးအန္တရာယ်၊ ထိန်းသိမ်းမှုမူဝါဒညံ့ွျင်းမှုများနှင့် မမို့မပကျူးသကျာ်မှုများကို တည်ရှိလာသည့်ကာလတစ်သလှောက် များစွာခံစားခဲ့ရသသးသည်။ (၂၀၁၈) ခုနှစ်မှ စတင်၍ ဟံသာဝတီမမို့သဟာင်းတူးသွာ်မှုလုပ်ငန်းများကို စတင်နိုင်ခဲ့မပီး လက်ရှိအချနိ ်အထိ တူးသွာ်မှုကုန်းသလးခုအထိ သုသတသနမပုလုပ်နိုင်ခဲ့မပီးမွစ်ပါသည်။ မမို့ရိုး၊ မမို့တံခါးသပါက်၊ မပအိုးအစရှိသည့် များစွာသသာ ဗိသုကာေိုင်ရာအသထာက်အထားများကိုလည်း သရှး သဟာင်းသုသတသနေိုင်ရာတူးသွာ်မှုများမှတစ်ေင့် သွာ်ထုတ်နိုင်ခဲ့မပီးမွစ်ပါသည်။ ယခုသုသတသနသည် ဟံသာဝတီမမို့ရိုးတူးသွာ်မှုမှ သတွ့ရှိရသည့် ဗိသုကာေိုင်ရာ အင်္ဂါရပ်များ၊

Structural Analysis of the Bell Tower of the Basilica De La Merced of Lima

2010 ◽  
Vol 133-134 ◽  
pp. 491-495
Author(s):  
Henry Eduardo Torres Peceros
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Method ◽  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Seismic Capacity ◽  
Bell Tower ◽  
Construction Techniques ◽  
The City ◽  
Large Earthquakes ◽  
Made In

The Bell Tower of the Basilica de la Merced de Lima is a monument with its own personality in itself, was built by master masonry Alonso de Morales as contract signed May 12, 1589 whose original is in the General File Nation of Peru. Until now has been repaired several times due to damage to large earthquakes that destroyed the city of Lima in more than one occasion. The Bell Tower of the Basilica de la Merced de Lima is the construction of unreinforced brick masonry higher and that has continued for over four centuries in the same location and is without doubt one of the famous monuments of the city of Lima. For structural analysis, the monument was modeled and analyzed by finite element method, models were developed to adjust and show impressive results and consistent with the records of damage were made in the year 2005 date when the monument was established structurally. An important historical record supports the technical scope of the investigation. Interesting comments on its formidable seismic capacity, and their significant contributions in knowledge of construction techniques of the builders of the sixteenth century in Lima, reveal a building that surprises with its apparent simplicity but it saves a lot of knowledge about engineering techniques applied to the great monuments that have survived from the years in which Lima was the largest metropolis in South America.

The Resilient City

2005 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
World Trade Center ◽  
Religious Faith ◽  
Oklahoma City Bombing ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Ancient City ◽  
Trade Center ◽  
The City

In 1871, the city of Chicago was almost entirely destroyed by what became known as The Great Fire. Thirty-five years later, San Francisco lay in smoldering ruins after the catastrophic earthquake of 1906. Or consider the case of the Jerusalem, the greatest site of physical destruction and renewal in history, which, over three millennia, has suffered wars, earthquakes, fires, twenty sieges, eighteen reconstructions, and at least eleven transitions from one religious faith to another. Yet this ancient city has regenerated itself time and again, and still endures. Throughout history, cities have been sacked, burned, torched, bombed, flooded, besieged, and leveled. And yet they almost always rise from the ashes to rebuild. Viewing a wide array of urban disasters in global historical perspective, The Resilient City traces the aftermath of such cataclysms as: --the British invasion of Washington in 1814 --the devastation wrought on Berlin, Warsaw, and Tokyo during World War II --the late-20th century earthquakes that shattered Mexico City and the Chinese city of Tangshan --Los Angeles after the 1992 riots --the Oklahoma City bombing --the destruction of the World Trade Center Revealing how traumatized city-dwellers consistently develop narratives of resilience and how the pragmatic process of urban recovery is always fueled by highly symbolic actions, The Resilient City offers a deeply informative and unsentimental tribute to the dogged persistence of the city, and indeed of the human spirit.

scholarly journals Guilds, Social Mobility and Status in Sixteenth-Century Ghent

1998 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Dambruyne
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Upward Mobility ◽  
Social Promotion ◽  
Social Position ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Democratic Character ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

This article investigates the relationship between social mobility and status in guilds and the political situation in sixteenth-century Ghent. First, it argues that Ghent guilds showed neither a static picture of upward mobility nor a rectilinear and one-way evolution. It demonstrates that the opportunities for social promotion within the guild system were, to a great extent, determined by the successive political regimes of the city. Second, the article proves that the guild boards in the sixteenth century had neither a typically oligarchic nor a typically democratic character. Third, the investigation of the houses in which master craftsmen lived shows that guild masters should not be depicted as a monolithic social bloc, but that significant differences in status and wealth existed. The article concludes that there was no linear positive connection between the duration of a master craftsman's career and his wealth and social position.

Territorial Governance Rehabilitation of Old Cities: Taza City Example: الحكامة الترابية وتأهيل المدن العتيقة: حالة مدينة تازة (المغرب)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
El-bazoui Jaouad, Mohamed Chouitar, Abdelouaed Bouberria
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Building Block ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Urban Fabric ◽  
Historical Monuments ◽  
Ancient City ◽  
Historical Heritage ◽  
The City

The reality of historical cities of Morocco today .which is reflected in the fading and deterioration of its built framework and the loss of many of its social and economic functions has prompted many actors in the field of cultural and historical heritage to take a series of measures in order to rehabilitate them to cope with the pace of development, witnessed by its urban and social surrounding. In this context, the city of Taza is one of the ancient Moroccan cities that have a glorious history, an integrated urban fabric, and unique historical monuments. it is an essential building block of Morocco’s cultural heritage, which has played its part throughout history and withstood all the challenges it has faced. However; despite its importance the city has not received the attention it deserves for its historical value, its historical monuments are currently suffering from the continuous deterioration and fading, which necessitates the search for an effective strategy that evokes the criteria of governance as a gateway to the rehabilitation of its ancient heritage. To address this issue we will try to answer the following questions: To what extent is the territorial governance a mechanism for the rehabilitation and development of the ancient city of Taza? What are the most important rehabilitation projects of the ancient city of Taza?

EFFECTS OF CLIMATE ON THE ARCHITECTURAL AND URBAN DESIGN OF TRIPOLI

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 295-311
Author(s):  
AbuRawi Mustafa ALMARKIYAH ◽  
Fouziya Alzarqani Ipraheem FADHLULLAH
Keyword(s):  
Urban Design ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Building Design ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Motion Path ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Architectural Elements ◽  
Study Case ◽  
The City

Tripoli is a city of a Mediterranean Sea climate; this has contributed with some social and religious factors to affect the architectural and urban design, which all originally has come from the Islamic content. This study argues the climatic features of Tripoli in order to show the ways followed by the Libyan Muslim architect. In other words, these ways were used to adapt with the climate and create the demanding architectural treatments, which have served the building units. This is considered as a study case that can discuss the possibility of the climatic reflection on the walls. That is to say, the walls’ thickness, the type of the used substance in building, the substance’s properties, the type of roof used in covering the building units and the architectural design of the building as treatments achieved professionally by the architect in decreasing the heat in summer and increasing the heat in winter through the mass block. Additionally, the researchers have stated that Tripoli’s building design respected the privacy of the inhabitants and their isolation from the world outside their buildings. That is because they wanted to have their own cold spaces inside which were rich of light, air and shadow. As a result of the aforementioned considerations, the architectural buildings contained the uncovered space and the broken entrance to keep the privacy from the passengers and to protect the inhabitants from wind and sand. These were regarded as final solutions for the architectural and climatic problem. Further, this study illustrates the active role of using the planning including the architectural formations and the treatments of motion path. That is according to their width, their length, their form, their guidance and their direction change in order to make shadow and isolate the front of buildings. This also contributed to give the streets the northern wind which in turn helped to keep the air moving as long as possible to tone down the climatic influences. Moreover, the planning aimed to show its turn through analytical, architectural and documentary survey for realistic examples in the archeological registrar of the potential city treatments. These architectural elements were important in making the sustainable architecture in respect to the environment and human relaxation requirements. Finally, the researchers measured the following factors temperatures, wind, rain, and ratio humidity for variety of spaces in the city. That was followed by qualitative and quantitative statistical analysis supported by graphs

HISTORICAL FORTIFICATIONS IN THE ARCHITECTURAL AND URBAN PLANNING STRUCTURE OF LVIV (ON MARGINES DOCUMENTATION "HISTORICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL REFERENCE PLAN OF LVIV")

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-125
Author(s):  
Bevz M ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Residential Development ◽  
Development Projects ◽  
City Center ◽  
Military Engineer ◽  
Ancient City ◽  
Special Scientific ◽  
Design Documentation ◽  
The City

Ancient city fortifications are one of the specific types of defensive architecture. Along with the buildings of castles, blocks of urban residential development, monastery complexes and field defensive structures, they formed a special type of architectural and urban planning objects. During their construction, the skills of both an architect, builder, and military engineer were often combined. Not so many objects of urban defense architecture have come down to our time. Therefore, every fragment of the city's defensive walls and earthen fortifications preserved today, as a rule, is a valuable document of its era and needs careful protection and preservation. Urban fortifications (as opposed to fortifications of castles or fortresses) were the objects of priority liquidation in the process of urban development. There are very few of them preserved in Ukraine, so their preservation and study is a matter of extreme importance. Lviv is a unique city on the map of Ukraine in terms of the development of urban fortifications. The article analyzes the reflection of objects and monuments of defense construction in the scientific and design documentation "Historical and Architectural Reference Plan of the City of Lviv". Data on the stages of development of Lviv fortifications are highlighted. Special attention is paid to the remains of fortifications that have been preserved in the archaeological form. Their identification, conservation and identification is important task for modern urban development projects. The paper makes hypotheses about some hitherto unidentified elements of fortifications of the XVII-XVIII centuries. Special emphasis is placed on the need for a special scientific study on the detailed reconstruction of all stages of the development of defense belts around the city center and suburbs of Lviv

YÜKSEK YAPILARIN TASARIMLARININ VE YAPIM TEKNİKLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 289-304
Author(s):  
Ahmet Cihat ARI
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Construction Techniques ◽  
New Construction ◽  
High Structure ◽  
The City ◽  
Design And Construction

With the increase of the population recently, changes have occurred in the design and construction techniques of the buildings due to the insufficient building stock. With the development of science and technology, new construction techniques have emerged in the construction and design of structures. In the global population increase, high-rise buildings were built to meet the need for shelter and these structures were built with the development of technology. However, high-rise buildings have become the symbol of technological development for countries and cities. Since the 21st century, the construction of high-rise buildings in cities with different designs and new construction techniques has provided the development of architecture and engineering. It is important to design high-rise buildings in accordance with the culture and texture of the city. In addition, high-rise buildings should be built as structures resistant to natural disasters such as earthquakes, fires and floods. For this reason, the design and construction techniques of high-rise buildings have become a research subject in the field of architecture and engineering. The aim of this study is to examine the designs and construction techniques of high-rise buildings. In the first part of the study, the concept of high rise building and its historical development are discussed. In the second part of the study, the designs and construction techniques of high-rise buildings are investigated. In addition, the study was conducted to examine the high structure by giving examples from the world and Turkey. Within the scope of the study, literature researches such as domestic and international articles, books, published theses, web resources were conducted and data were collected. As a result of the examinations made within the scope of the study, it is important to select the building materials in accordance with the characteristics of the building materials in the design and construction techniques of high-rise buildings with the development of technology. Therefore, the architect should know the properties of the materials in the design of high-rise buildings and use them in accordance with the properties of the material in the construction of the buildings. In addition, increasing the height of the building by making aerodynamic designs in high buildings reduces the effect of the wind speed.

Ancient Assur: The City, its Traders, and its Commercial Network

2009 ◽  
Vol 53 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 39-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaas R. Veenhof
Keyword(s):  
Central Place ◽  
Commercial Policy ◽  
International Network ◽  
Commercial System ◽  
City Hall ◽  
Ancient City ◽  
Commercial Network ◽  
The City ◽  
Réseau International

AbstractThe ancient city of Assur was an important emporium and a central place in the trade between Mesopotamia and Anatolia during the nineteenth-eighteenth centuries BC. Its traders exported to Anatolia large quantities of tin and expensive woolen textiles, which were sold for silver and gold, shipped back to Assur. The traders, traveling with donkey caravans, used a network of colonies and trading stations, where they could live and work on the basis of treaties with the local rulers. After a description of Assur’s commercial role, the activities, organization and status of the traders are analyzed. First of those in Anatolia, with reference to the colonial system and the main Anatolian emporia. Next of those in Assur—“merchant-bankers”, investors (in joint-stock funds), wholesale dealers, and moneylenders—and their relations to the “City-Hall”, the economic and financial heart of Assur, and the “City-Assembly”, whose decisions and verdicts reveal elements of a commercial policy and attempts to promote its interests. While the city, whose trade covered a particular circuit of a much wider international network, also had to consider local and international interests, the “colonial” traders were more focused on financial profits, also via the local trade in copper and wool. But the tensions due to diverging interests were restricted and the Assyrians were able to maintain a stable, profitable and highly developed commercial system for more than two centuries.Durant les dixneuvième et dix huitième siècles avant J.-C. la cité-état d’Assur fut un grand centre de commerce. Ses marchands exportaient des quantités d’étain et de laines de prix à l‘Anatolie, les y vendaient contre de l’or et de l’argent, et rentraient chez eux la bourse pleine d’argent. Des caravanes d’ânes, qui assuraient le transport, sillonnaient un réseau de colonies et de comptoirs. Les marchands assyriens pouvaient s’installer là-bas et y mener leur négoce grâce aux traités conclus entre les autorités assyriennes et les princes. La description de la fonction commerciale d’Assur est suivie d’une série d’analyses portant sur les activités des marchands, de leur organisation et de leur statut. Ce sujet cohérent nous mène d’abord en Anatolie pour regarder de près son système de colonies et ses principaux comptoirs. Ensuite à la ville d’Assur, avec ses ‘banquiers-commerçants’, ses investisseurs (des fonds remis aux sociétés commandites), ses commerçants de gros et ses prêteurs. Les relations entretenues par ces quatre groupes avec ‘l’hôtel de ville’ ‐ le cœur battant de l’économie et des finances d’Assur ‐, et ‘l’assemblée municipale’ sont explorées. Les décisions et les verdicts de cette assemblée retiennent notre attention parce qu’on y décèle des traces d’une politique commerciale et des tentatives d’avancer les intérêts commerciaux d’Assur. D’une part il fallait que la ville, dont les opérations commerciales s’étendaient sur un circuit distinct intégré au vaste réseau international, tenait compte aussi des intérêts locaux et internationaux. D’autre part les profits- y inclus ceux provenant du négoce anatolien de la laine et du cuivre ‐ étaitent le point de mire des ‘marchands-colons’. Néanmoins, les tensions dues à ces intérêts divergents étant limitées, durant plus de deux siècles les Assyriens surent maintenir un système de commerce stable, productif, et très sophistiqué.

scholarly journals DESAIN MASJID DI KECAMATAN TOMIA TIMUR KABUPATEN WAKATOBI PROVINSI SULAWESI TENGGARA DENGAN PRINSIP-PRINSIP ARSITEKTUR EKLEKTIK

Vitruvian ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zakaria Umar ◽  
Masfan Agus
Keyword(s):  
Grounded Theory ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Alternative Form ◽  
School Buildings ◽  
Architectural Elements ◽  
Grounded Theory Method ◽  
Double Decker ◽  
Architectural Principles ◽  
The City

ABSTRAKMasjid-masjid di Indonesia khususnya di Jawa juga tidak bebas dari pengaruh kebudayaan lokal. Hal ini disebabkan manusia Indonesia pada umumnya bersifat eklektik, maka bentuk masjid-masjid di Indonesia pun bergaya campuran sisa-sisa kebudayaan Hindu, bangunan-bangunan India, atau Turki. Saat ini kebudayaan Buton kembali direvitalisasi seperti bentuk atap Malige terdapat pada bangunan sekolah, pertokoan, dan perkantoran. Sedangkan bentuk masjid Keraton Buton dan rumah tradisional Buton Malige belum pernah diadaptasi menjadi alternatif bentukan masjid di Kota Baubau. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mendesain masjid skala kecamatan di Kelurahan Tongano Barat, Kecamatan Tomia Timur, Kabupaten Wakatobi dengan prinsip-prinsip arsitektur eklektik terhadap masjid Keraton Buton dan rumah tradisional Buton Malige. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode grounded theory dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Sumber data terdiri dari data primer dan data sekunder. Data dikumpulkan dengan cara observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Data dianalisis dengan cara data direduksi, disajikan, dan disimpulkan. Penelitian ini disimpulkan bahwa elemen-elemen arsitektural masjid di Kecamatan Tomia Timur, Kabupaten Wakatobi, Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara yang dimodifikasi dari bangunan Masjid Agung tradisional Keraton Buton adalah denah masjid, jendela masjid, tangga eksterior masjid, dan fondasi masjid sedangkan dari rumah tradisional Buton Malige adalah rumah atap bersusun (Malige) serta masjid berbentuk rumah panggung. ABSTRACTMosques in Indonesia especially in Java are also not free from the influence of local culture. This is because Indonesian people are generally eclectic, so the form of our mosques are a mixture of remnants of Hindu culture, Indian buildings, or Turkey. Nowadays, Buton culture has been revitalized like the shape of the Malige roof on school buildings, shops, and offices. While the form of the Palace of Buton mosque and the traditional house of Buton Malige have never been adapted to be an alternative form of a mosque in the City of Baubau. This research is intended to design a sub-scale mosque in the West Tongano Village, Tomia Timur District, Wakatobi Regency with eclectic architectural principles towards the Keraton Buton mosque and the traditional house of Buton Malige. This study uses a grounded theory method with a qualitative approach. Data sources consist of primary data and secondary data. Data collected by observation, interview, and documentation. Data were analyzed by means of data reduced, presented, and concluded. This study concluded that the architectural elements of the mosque in Tomia Timur Subdistrict, Wakatobi Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province which were modified from the traditional Great Mosque building of the Keraton Buton were mosque plans, mosque windows, mosque exterior stairs, and mosque foundations, while from the traditional houses of Buton Malige were a double-decker roof house (Malige) and a mosque on stilts.

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