Extracts from Microalga Chlorella sorokiniana Exert an Anti-Proliferative Effect and Modulate Cytokines in Sheep Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells

The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of the unsaponified fraction (UP), the acetylated unsaponified fraction (AUP), and the total lipid fraction (TL) extracted and purified from Chlorella sorokiniana (CS) on the proliferation and cytokine profile of sheep peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Cells were cultured with 0.4 mg/mL and 0.8 mg/mL concentrations of each extract (UP, AUP, and TL fractions) and activated with 5 μg/mL concanavalin A (ConA) and 1 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at 37 °C for 24 h. PBMCs cultured with ConA and LPS represented the stimulated cells (SC), and PBMCs without ConA and LPS represented the unstimulated cells (USC). Cell-free supernatants were collected to determine IL-10, IL-1β, and IL-6 secretions; on cells, measurement of proliferation was performed. All the extracts tested significantly decreased the cell proliferation; in particular, the UP fraction at 0.4 mg/mL showed the lowest proliferative response. Furthermore, at 0.8 mg/mL, the UP fraction enhanced IL-10 secretion. On the contrary, the TL fraction at 0.4 mg/mL induced an increase in IL-10, IL-6, and, to a lesser extent, IL-1β secretions by cells. The AUP fraction did not change cytokine secretion. The results demonstrated that CS extracts could be useful ingredients in animal feed in order to minimize the use of antibiotics by modulating cell proliferation and cytokine response.

CHEMICAL COMPOSTION OF TAURUS FIR (Abies cilicica subsp. isaurica) OLEORESIN

ABSTRACT The main objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition of both turpintine and colophony parts of Abies cilicica subsp. isaurica (Taurus fir) oleoresin collected from Mersin-Turkey. Colophony of taurus fir was not performed before. Hydro-distillation was applied for the separation of turpentine and colophony. Samples were analyzed separately by FID-GC and GC-MS. The yield of oleoresin was 14,3 % turpentine and 82,5 % colophony. Fourty-six compounds were found in the turpentine where α-pinene (81,2 %) was the major compound with β-pinene (12,6 %). However, in the colophony abietane type resin acids were forming the main group (abietic 46,8%, neoabietic 29,5%). Resin hydrocarbons and terpenes were identified in the unsaponified fraction of colophony of Taurus fir. High α-pinene and abietic acid contents make this oleoresin to be used in pharmacy and chemical industries.

The making of transparent soap based on olive oil with the addition of white tea extract

<em>Tea is a popular drink in the world. Types of tea which is rarely used is white tea. Besides consumed as a beverage, white tea can also be used in extracted form. White tea extract contains polyphenols compound, particularly catechins that can be used as an antibacterial. One of white tea extract uses that can be added to production of olive oil transparent soap based. This study aimed to determine the process of transparent soap production, looking for the best concentration of white tea extract, determine the characteristic and quality of transparent soap, and look for the extend of inhibition zone of Staphylococcus aureus in transparent soap. The treatments given in this research were the concentration of white tea extract 1% (w / v) with the addition of A (control soap) = 0% (w / w), B = 0,5% (w / w), C = 1,0% (w / w), and D = 1,5% (w / w) of 300 grams of soap bases. Transparent soap characteristics observed were physical-chemical properties, antibacterial and organoleptic test. The analysis showed that all transparent soap baths complied the SNI 06-3532-1994 requirements of solid soap, except the water content and evaporated substance and the amount of fatty acids. The best result of this research was soap with treatment B (with 0,5% (w/w) extract addition), which was chosen based on organoleptic test (such as aroma, hardness and foam quantity) and Indonesian National Standard (SNI) qualities of solid soap with best result in unsaponified fraction test, hardness, and foam stability.</em>