host identity
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Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3399
Author(s):  
Katrina Eschweiler ◽  
Jonathan B. Clayton ◽  
Anneke Moresco ◽  
Erin A. McKenney ◽  
Larry J. Minter ◽  
...  

The last few decades have seen an outpouring of gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome studies across diverse host species. Studies have ranged from assessments of GI microbial richness and diversity to classification of novel microbial lineages. Assessments of the “normal” state of the GI microbiome composition across multiple host species has gained increasing importance for distinguishing healthy versus diseased states. This study aimed to determine baselines and trends over time to establish “typical” patterns of GI microbial richness and diversity, as well as inter-individual variation, in three populations of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) under human care at three zoological institutions in North America. Fecal samples were collected from 19 western lowland gorillas every two weeks for seven months (n = 248). Host identity and host institution significantly affected GI microbiome community composition (p < 0.05), although host identity had the most consistent and significant effect on richness (p = 0.03) and Shannon diversity (p = 0.004) across institutions. Significant changes in microbial abundance over time were observed only at Denver Zoo (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that individuality contributes to most of the observed GI microbiome variation in the study populations. Our results also showed no significant changes in any individual’s microbial richness or Shannon diversity during the 7-month study period. While some microbial taxa (Prevotella, Prevotellaceae and Ruminococcaceae) were detected in all gorillas at varying levels, determining individual baselines for microbial composition comparisons may be the most useful diagnostic tool for optimizing non-human primate health under human care.


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Prazeres ◽  
T. Edward Roberts ◽  
Shadrina Fildzah Ramadhani ◽  
Steve S. Doo ◽  
Christiane Schmidt ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Understanding the specificity and flexibility of the algal symbiosis-host association is fundamental for predicting how species occupy a diverse range of habitats. Here we assessed the algal symbiosis diversity of three species of larger benthic foraminifera from the genus Amphistegina and investigated the role of habitat and species identity in shaping the associated algal community. Results We used next-generation sequencing to identify the associated algal community, and DNA barcoding to identify the diatom endosymbionts associated with species of A. lobifera, A. lessonii, and A. radiata, collected from shallow habitats (< 15 m) in 16 sites, ranging from the Mediterranean Sea to French Polynesia. Next-generation sequencing results showed the consistent presence of Ochrophyta as the main algal phylum associated with all species and sites analysed. A significant proportion of phylotypes were classified as Chlorophyta and Myzozoa. We uncovered unprecedented diversity of algal phylotypes found in low abundance, especially of the class Bacillariophyta (i.e., diatoms). We found a significant influence of sites rather than host identity in shaping algal communities in all species. DNA barcoding revealed the consistent presence of phylotypes classified within the order Fragilariales as the diatoms associated with A. lobifera and A. lessonii, while A. radiata specimens host predominately diatoms of the order Triceratiales. Conclusions We show that local habitat is the main factor influencing the overall composition of the algal symbiont community. However, host identity and the phylogenetic relationship among hosts is relevant in shaping the specific endosymbiont diatom community, suggesting that the relationship between diatom endosymbiont and hosts plays a crucial role in the evolutionary history of the genus Amphistegina. The capacity of Amphistegina species to associate with a diverse array of diatoms, and possibly other algal groups, likely underpins the ecological success of these crucial calcifying organisms across their extensive geographic range.


Author(s):  
Kacie Ring ◽  
Lisa Couper ◽  
Anne Sapiro ◽  
Fauna Yarza ◽  
Frank Yang ◽  
...  

A vector’s susceptibility and ability to transmit a pathogen— termed vector competency—determines disease outcomes, yet the ecological factors influencing tick vector competency remain largely unknown. Ixodes pacificus, the tick vector of Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) in the western U.S., feeds on rodents, birds, and lizards. Unlike rodents and birds which are reservoirs for Bb and infect juvenile ticks, lizards are refractory to Bb and cannot infect feeding ticks. Additionally, the lizard bloodmeal contains borreliacidal properties, clearing previously infected feeding ticks of their Bb infection. Despite I. pacificus feeding on a range of hosts, it is undetermined how the host identity of the larval bloodmeal affects future nymphal vector competency. We experimentally evaluate the influence of larval host bloodmeal on Bb acquisition by nymphal I. pacificus. Larval I. pacificus were fed on either lizards or mice and after molting, nymphs were fed on Bb-infected mice. We found that lizard-fed larvae were significantly more likely to become infected with Bb during their next bloodmeal than mouse-fed larvae. We also conducted the first RNA-seq analysis on whole-bodied I. pacificus and found significant upregulation of tick antioxidants and antimicrobial peptides in the lizard-fed group. Our results indicate that the lizard bloodmeal significantly alters vector competency and gene regulation in ticks, highlighting the importance of host bloodmeal identity in vector-borne disease transmission and upends prior notions about the role of lizards in Lyme disease community ecology.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Soderi ◽  
Matti Hämäläinen ◽  
Jari Iinatti Iinatti

<div> <div> <div> <p>Communication Based Train Control (CBTC) and the European Rail Traffic Management Systems (ERTMS) are prevailing radio controlled systems for railway. As a part of the ERTMS standard, the European Train Control System (ETCS) implements on-board control systems throughout multiple radios. CBTC makes use of RF-based data communication systems (DCSs) for train control and traffic management. Even if ERTMS and CBTC have different origins, both make use of wireless communications for safety related systems. This paper describes cybersecurity considerations for CBTC. First, authors studied the impact of security on intra-vehicular communications in a real tunnel scenario, e.g. for urban transit where the usage of security is mandatory in order to maintain the system safety. Secondly, the impact of a jamming attack against ETCS radio has been analyzed. Measurement campaigns confirmed Host Identity Protocol (HIP) as an effective security solution at layer 3 in terms of the protocol overhead introduced. On the other hand, the Balise Transmission Module (BTM), included in ETCS standard, is sensitive to jamming attack and the measurements presented here would offer the sights for further security considerations around the CBTC. </p> </div> </div> </div>


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Soderi ◽  
Matti Hämäläinen ◽  
Jari Iinatti Iinatti

<div> <div> <div> <p>Communication Based Train Control (CBTC) and the European Rail Traffic Management Systems (ERTMS) are prevailing radio controlled systems for railway. As a part of the ERTMS standard, the European Train Control System (ETCS) implements on-board control systems throughout multiple radios. CBTC makes use of RF-based data communication systems (DCSs) for train control and traffic management. Even if ERTMS and CBTC have different origins, both make use of wireless communications for safety related systems. This paper describes cybersecurity considerations for CBTC. First, authors studied the impact of security on intra-vehicular communications in a real tunnel scenario, e.g. for urban transit where the usage of security is mandatory in order to maintain the system safety. Secondly, the impact of a jamming attack against ETCS radio has been analyzed. Measurement campaigns confirmed Host Identity Protocol (HIP) as an effective security solution at layer 3 in terms of the protocol overhead introduced. On the other hand, the Balise Transmission Module (BTM), included in ETCS standard, is sensitive to jamming attack and the measurements presented here would offer the sights for further security considerations around the CBTC. </p> </div> </div> </div>


2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 1531-1538.e6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasilis Kokkoris ◽  
Pierre-Luc Chagnon ◽  
Gökalp Yildirir ◽  
Kelsey Clarke ◽  
Dane Goh ◽  
...  

Microbiome ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Holland-Moritz ◽  
Julia E. M. Stuart ◽  
Lily R. Lewis ◽  
Samantha N. Miller ◽  
Michelle C. Mack ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Mosses in high-latitude ecosystems harbor diverse bacterial taxa, including N2-fixers which are key contributors to nitrogen dynamics in these systems. Yet the relative importance of moss host species, and environmental factors, in structuring these microbial communities and their N2-fixing potential remains unclear. We studied 26 boreal and tundra moss species across 24 sites in Alaska, USA, from 61 to 69° N. We used cultivation-independent approaches to characterize the variation in moss-associated bacterial communities as a function of host species identity and site characteristics. We also measured N2-fixation rates via 15N2 isotopic enrichment and identified potential N2-fixing bacteria using available literature and genomic information. Results Host species identity and host evolutionary history were both highly predictive of moss microbiome composition, highlighting strong phylogenetic coherence in these microbial communities. Although less important, light availability and temperature also influenced composition of the moss microbiome. Finally, we identified putative N2-fixing bacteria specific to some moss hosts, including potential N2-fixing bacteria outside well-studied cyanobacterial clades. Conclusions The strong effect of host identity on moss-associated bacterial communities demonstrates mosses’ utility for understanding plant-microbe interactions in non-leguminous systems. Our work also highlights the likely importance of novel bacterial taxa to N2-fixation in high-latitude ecosystems.


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