Finite 𝒟C-groups

Let [Formula: see text] be a group and [Formula: see text]. [Formula: see text] is said to be a [Formula: see text]-group if [Formula: see text] is a chain under set inclusion. In this paper, we prove that a finite [Formula: see text]-group is a semidirect product of a Sylow [Formula: see text]-subgroup and an abelian [Formula: see text]-subgroup. For the case of [Formula: see text] being a finite [Formula: see text]-group, we obtain an optimal upper bound of [Formula: see text] for a [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]-group [Formula: see text]. We also prove that a [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]-group is metabelian when [Formula: see text] and provide an example showing that a non-abelian [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]-group is not necessarily metabelian when [Formula: see text]. In particular, [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]-groups are characterized.

Impact of livestock interventions on maternal and child nutrition outcomes in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis protocol

The challenge of undernutrition (stunting and wasting) still remains a major health concern in children below 5 years of age in Africa, with the continent accounting for more than one third of all stunted children and more than one quarter of all wasted children globally. Despite the growing evidence on the role of agriculture interventions in improving nutrition, empirical evidence on the impact of livestock intervention on nutrition in Africa is scant. This review is aimed at determining whether livestock interventions are effective in reducing undernutrition in children below five years of age and in pregnant and lactating women in Africa. The review will be conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Major electronic databases will be searched and complemented with grey and non-indexed literature from google and google scholar, and expert consultation for additional articles and reports. PICO criteria will be used while employing search strategies including MeSH, Boolean search operators and truncation/wildcard symbol to narrow or broaden the search. Articles on effect of livestock interventions on maternal and child nutrition conducted in Africa that meet the set inclusion criteria will be included in the review after critical appraisal by two independent reviewers. A standardized form will be used to extract data from included studies. The extracted data will be summarized and synthesized both qualitatively and quantitatively and key outcomes presented. Evidence generated from the systematic review and meta-analysis will be important for guiding nutrition sensitive livestock interventions and policies on nutrition programming, specifically on how to leverage on livestock interventions to reduce the burden of undernutrition.

Reasoning about Explanations for Non-validation in SHACL

The Shapes Constraint Language (SHACL) is a recently standardized language for describing and validating constraints over RDF graphs. The SHACL specification describes the so-called validation reports, which are meant to explain to the users the outcome of validating an RDF graph against a collection of constraints. Specifically, explaining the reasons why the input graph does not satisfy the constraints is challenging. In fact, the current SHACL standard leaves it open on how such explanations can be provided to the users. In this paper, inspired by works on logic-based abduction and database repairs, we study the problem of explaining non-validation of SHACL constraints. In particular, in our framework non-validation is explained using the notion of a repair, i.e., a collection of additions and deletions whose application on an input graph results in a repaired graph that does satisfy the given SHACL constraints. We define a collection of decision problems for reasoning about explanations, possibly restricting to explanations that are minimal with respect to cardinality or set inclusion. We provide a detailed characterization of the computational complexity of those reasoning tasks, including the combined and the data complexity.

Wastewater Treatment by Heterogeneous Photocatalysis: A Systematic Review

Pharmaceutical wastewater contains compounds that, in low concentrations, affect ecosystems for being endocrine disruptors. Therefore, advanced oxidation processes have been proposed as an ideal treatment strategy. Within these technologies, heterogeneous photocatalysis stands out as a high-efficiency and low-cost technology. This research provides a systematic review on the degradation of wastewater from the pharmaceutical industry and the significant advances concerning its degradation by heterogeneous photocatalysis. We used Thesaurus, keywords, and Boolean search in the selected databases: Dialnet, Science Direct, Scopus, Redalyc, SciELO, ProQuest, and American Chemical Society. We also set inclusion/exclusion criteria based on the PRISMA statement, developed a bibliometric parameter, performed a statistical analysis, and established the bestoperating conditions for technology implementation. In conclusion, heterogeneous photocatalysis is a promising proposal for treating the study matrix.

The Spectrum and Automorphism Group of the Set-Inclusion Graph

Let [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] be integers with [Formula: see text]. The set-inclusion graph [Formula: see text] is the graph whose vertex set consists of all [Formula: see text]- and [Formula: see text]-subsets of [Formula: see text], where two distinct vertices are adjacent if one of them is contained in the other. In this paper, we determine the spectrum and automorphism group of [Formula: see text].

Comparison of Near Total thyroidectomy with Sub total thyroidectomy for Multindular goipe in terms of recurrence rate.

Objective: To compare the outcome of NTT and STT for multinodular goiter in terms of Recurrence rate. Study Design: Experimental study. Setting: Department of Surgery DHQ Teaching Hospital Rawalpindi. Period: July 2016 to December 2017. Material & Methods: All patients were admitted through OPD according to the already set inclusion and exclusion criteria. Two groups were made first group was NTT group and second group was STT group. Patients were divided into two groups by lottery method (Probability sampling). Follow up period for recurrence was 1 year. Analysis of data was done by SPSS version -20. Chisquare test was used to see the statistical significance. Value of P was set at 0.05. Results: A total of 63 (n=63) patients were included in the study. Over all there were 71.40% females and 28.60% males. Average age of the female patients was 36.3 years and in males average age was 40.60 years. In NTT group there were 32 patients (n=32) and in STT group there were 31 patients (n=31). There was no recurrence in NTT group whereas recurrence was noted in 5 out of 31 patients (16.10%) in STT group which was found statistically significant (p = 7.61). Overall incidental carcinoma was noted in 6 out of 63 patients (9.52%). So completion thyroidectomy had to be carried in 4 patients of incidental carcinoma from STT group whereas 2 patients of incidental carcinoma from NTT group did not require any further treatment. Conclusion: Results of this study prove the superiority of NTT over STT regarding recurrence rate and safety of treatment for multinodular goiter. NTT eliminates recurrence rate of MNG which is very high in STT. NTT also obviates the need for completion thyroidectomy in case of incidental carcinoma.

Representation of bifinite domains by BF-closure spaces

In this paper, we propose the notion of BF-closure spaces as concrete representation of bifinite domains. We prove that every bifinite domain can be obtained as the set of F-closed sets of some BF-closure space under set inclusion. Furthermore, we obtain that the category of bifinite domains and Scott-continuous functions is equivalent to that of BF-closure spaces and F-morphisms.

Impact of livestock interventions on maternal and child nutrition outcomes in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis protocol

The challenge of undernutrition (stunting and wasting) still remains a major health concern in children below 5 years of age in Africa, with the continent accounting for more than one third of all stunted children and more than one quarter of all wasted children globally. Despite the growing evidence on the role of agriculture interventions in improving nutrition, empirical evidence on the impact of livestock intervention on nutrition in Africa is scant. This review is aimed at determining whether livestock interventions are effective in reducing undernutrition in children below five years of age and in pregnant and lactating women in Africa. The review will be conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Major electronic databases will be searched and complemented with grey and non-indexed literature from google and google scholar, and expert consultation for additional articles and reports. PICO criteria will be used while employing search strategies including MeSH, Boolean search operators and truncation/wildcard symbol to narrow or broaden the search. Articles on effect of livestock interventions on maternal and child nutrition conducted in Africa that meet the set inclusion criteria will be included in the review after critical appraisal by two independent reviewers. A standardized form will be used to extract data from included studies. The extracted data will be summarized and synthesized both qualitatively and quantitatively and key outcomes presented. Evidence generated from the systematic review and meta-analysis will be important for guiding nutrition sensitive livestock interventions and policies on nutrition programming, specifically on how to leverage on livestock interventions to reduce the burden of undernutrition.

REVIEW ARTICLE: EPIDEMIOLOGY OF COVID’19

Purpose: To carefully review and understand the cause, distribution, progression, determinants and deterrents of COVID-19. Methodology: Peer reviewed data relevant to study was collected from PubMed, Google Scholar, WHO database, Research gate and Wikipedia based on pre-set inclusion and exclusion criteria. Findings: Covid-19 is a principally respiratory illness caused by the novel Corona Virus (SARS-CoV2). It started as an epidemic in Wuhan, China in December 2019, became a pandemic in March 2020 and have now infected almost 22 million people over 216 countries causing about three-quarter of a million deaths. It spreads primarily through droplets, aerosols or contact with contaminated surfaces. Illness is usually mild to moderate flu-like symptoms but can be asymptomatic as well as severe especially in patients with underlying co-morbidities. Testing can either be antigen based through polymerase chain reaction or antibody based. Treatment is generally supportive while the efficacy of diverse pharmacological remains controversial. Public education, early diagnosis and isolation, restriction of gatherings and movements have been the main method used worldwide to tackle this outbreak. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Emphasizes the infectivity of SARS-CoV2 virus and need for health practitioners and general public to adhere strictly to preventive measures in order to avert a global second wave of the pandemic. Conclusion: COVID-19 is an infectious disease that have rapidly spread from china to the world at large. A lot of efforts and policies have been made to prevent and control its spread. There’s need to adhere to guidelines in order to reduce spread and subsequent mortality especially amongst vulnerable groups. As many countries commence protocols to re-open, there’s need to do so in line with lessons learnt during this outbreak to avoid a more devastating second wave.

Association between Morality in Covid-19 Patients and Underlying Co-Morbidities in Patients above 40 Years of Age: A Rapid Review

COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically affected various aspects of people’s lives worldwide. The severity of the disease, the easy spread and the high mortality associated with COVID-19 has turned this pandemic into an important and high priority research topic. Mortality in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 is multifactorial. We have tried to find the association between mortality and specific comorbidities, especially in people above 40 years of age. The findings can potentially help healthcare providers to make appropriate guidelines to triage patients in COVID-19 care centers and aim to reduce mortality. This can also help policy makers to provide supportive measures especially for vulnerable people with the specific comorbidities to reduce the chance of contracting the infection. Objective: Literature suggests that age is one of the crucial factors in increasing the severity and mortality of COVID-19 patients. Hence in our study, our objective is to see the available evidence on different types of comorbidities associated with mortality in COVID-19 patients. Methods: This study was a rapid review aiming to investigate the leading comorbidities toward mortality among COVID-19 patients. We searched PubMed and Google Scholar and selected English language articles that were published between March and July 2020. The studies were selected based on the pre-set inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data of selected articles have been extracted based on the comorbidities of each organ system and the number of patients in each category. Result: Based on our review, apart from increased age, hypertension (66.63%) has been the most commonly seen comorbidity associated with mortality due to COVID-19. Other comorbidities include diabetes (26.34%), cardio-cerebrovascular diseases (39.61%), COPD (14.93%), chronic kidney disease (17.31%) and cancer (20.66%). From the studies with details on gender ratios, male gender (66.66%) and female gender (33.33%) were respectively associated with mortality. It is estimated that male patients are around 2 times more likely to be deceased with COVID 19 in comparison to other genders. Conclusion: More studies regarding the underlying mechanisms related to mortality are required to further decipher the disease correlation. Understanding the association between these specific underlying comorbidities and mortality due to COVID-19 can help healthcare providers triage patients in COVID-19 care centers. It can also be used to assist in making clinical guidelines and policies on social measures, thereby, protecting the vulnerable people with the mentioned comorbidities from community spread and possible infection