Extraction, Preparation and Evaluation of Phyllanthus urinaria extract as Antifungal Cream

The aim of research work is to formulate an antifungal cream. The cream which is prepared is isolated from natural source. The leaves of Phyllanthus urinaria have active antifungal activity. The genus Phyllanthus is one of the most important groups of plants belonging to the Phyllantaceaceae family. Phyllanthus urinaria is an annual perennial herbal species found in tropical Asia, America, China ad Indian ocean island. P. urinaria is used in folk medicine as a cure to treat jaundice, diabetes, malaria, cancer, bacterial infection, fungal infection. This research gives the therapeutical study for the P. urinaria. The extract is isolated with help of ethanol. The cream is prepared with various pharmaceutical ingredient. Antifungal activity is done with the Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans. This cream is then examined and stability test is performed, physicochemical reactions are done to determine chemical constituents present in the extract.

epidemiology of injury and illness amongst athletes at the Indian Ocean Island Games, Mauritius 2019

Background: The Indian Ocean Island Games is a multi-sport event that occurs every four years and includes athletes from seven islands of the Indian Ocean. Objective: This study aims to describe the injury and illness epidemiology of the athletes participating during the 2019 Indian Ocean Islands Games. Material and Methods: This prospective cohort study recorded injury and illness cases from athletes who competed in these Games. All medical physicians received detailed instructions and training on data collection using an injury report form. All athletes (minor and adults) who provided consent, or consent given from the minors’ guardians, were included in this study. Athletes who did not provide consent for this study were excluded. Results: 1 521 athletes (531 women and 990 men) reported 12 injuries per 100 athletes (n=160) and 6 illnesses per 100 athletes (n=85). The percentage of distribution of injuries were highest in football and basketball. Most injuries occurred during competition compared with training Joint sprains were the most common type of injury (28%), followed by muscle strains (19%). Men suffered the majority of injuries (79% vs. 21%). Similarly, men sustained more illness than women (57% vs. 43%). Most illnesses affected the respiratory system (67%), and infection was the most common cause of illness (84%) in participating athletes. Discussion: These findings are similar to previous events in other parts of the world. However, unique ailments, not previously reported on, were discovered. Conclusion: Epidemiological data from this study can be inferred to athletes who compete in similar multi-sport events and/or Olympic Games in the Indian Ocean region.

Sacred Memory, Creole Orientalism and India in the Plantationscape of Mauritius

This article disentangles the relationship between memory and the sacred through the life and selected writings of Léoville L’Homme (1857–1928), who rose to prominence as poet and journalist in the 19th century as sugar production expanded in the Indian Ocean island of Mauritius. A man of colour and a Christian, L’Homme instrumentalised genealogy, cultural memory and the sacred in the vindication of exclusive forms of social justice in what I call the Mauritian plantationscape. His carefully-crafted sacred memory project, heavily modulated by French and British Orientalism, and characterised by tension between memory and the sacred, resulted in the perpetuation of discursive and colonial injustice against India, the homeland of his grandmother, and Indian indentured labourers. After identifying signs of trauma underlying his strained cultural memory landscape and implication, I argue that the organic creolisation present in the colony intervenes to turn the Hindu Goddess Sita, with whom L’Homme sought poetic intimacy, into a symbol of desire for India. This symbol impels an intercultural dialogue where Christianity and Hinduism meet to repair and bestow a reparative vector upon sacred memory. Intercultural dialogue creolises Orientalism, L’Homme’s primary portal into Indian cultural memory, and Creole Orientalism impedes cultural erasure. This sacred and inherently gendered creole cultural memory matrix redresses L’Homme’s relationship with India, his Otherness and Indian cultural memory. It injects an ethical economy in his activism that promises new definitions of a Mauritian collective ahead of decolonisation which remain germane to considerations of identity in the multicultural island’s post-colonial era.

Britain’s Western Indian Ocean Island-Scape

The British Empire had a significant influence on the history of the islands in the western Indian Ocean. In turn, the location, size, culture, and environment of these islands shaped the history of empire. This chapter investigates these islands’ strategic significance, their role in trade and commerce, and their diverse colonial cultures. It also considers these islands as sites of confinement and scientific research. Taken together, this chapter highlights the pivotal role played by western Indian Ocean islands—and their distinctive cultures, environments, and geographies—in the expansion and maintenance of Britain’s maritime empire in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

A new thermosbaenacean of the genus Tethysbaena (Peracarida, Thermosbaenacea, Monodellidae) from Socotra Island, Yemen

A new species of the thermosbaenacean genus Tethysbaena Wagner, 1994 (Crustacea: Peracarida: Thermosbaenacea) is described based on females from a freshwater cave lake and a brackish coastal well on Socotra Island (Yemen) as Tethysbaena dioscorida n. sp. It is the first representative of the Thermosbaenacea that is described from the Socotra Archipelago and the first member of the order known from an Indian Ocean island. The new species is the eighth known member of what is considered the “Tethysbaena relicta” species-group, which is known from Oman (four species), Somalia (one species), Israel (two species) and now Socotra Island (one species). The new species shows closest morphological affinities with T. barbatula Wagner, 2020 from Oman. We suggest that the speciation in this well-defined species-group is due to regressions of the Tethys Sea and the appearance of dry land since the Oligocene-Miocene boundary to the present time, forming major barriers and creating isolated populations of the ancestral species. Also the potential biocrisis in Socotra as a result of developmental activities during the last decades is mentioned, which may affect the subterranean faunas in particular in coastal areas, exemplified by the destruction of one of only two localities where the new species was found.

Rubus alceifolius (giant bramble).

R. alceifolius is a robust, aggressive perennial scrambling shrub, spreading by long arching spiny stems, rooting at their tips, as well as by bird-dispersed seeds. It can develop dense impenetrable thickets. It is native to tropical SE Asia but has been introduced to a number of other territories, most notably the Indian Ocean island of La Réunion, where it is one of the eight most threatening plant invaders to become established on the island and occurs not only on sites disturbed by man but also in primary forest with minimal disturbance (Macdonald et al., 1991). It can behave as a liana, climbing into the canopy of forest trees and increasing the risk of wind damage. It occurs also on the islands of Mayotte, Mauritius and Madagascar (Vos, 2004; Kueffer and Lavergne, 2004a,b) and in Queensland, Australia where it is invading pastures, roadsides, creekbanks, sugarcane plantations and the edges of rainforest (Queensland Government, 2012). Holm et al. (1979) record it as a 'principal' weed in Australia, and risk assessment by the Australian method gave a score of 11 (PIER, 2012). Binggeli et al. (1998) classified it as highly invasive in the tropics. In a joint project between USDA and the Weed Science Society of America it was identified among the highest-ranked potential future invasive weeds in USA (Parker et al., 2007; WSSA, 2012).

How the Maldives Have Navigated Disease and Development

For centuries, malaria kept European colonial interests away from the Maldive islands, leaving the remote Indian Ocean island chain on a distinct and largely self-governed trajectory. Successful mosquito eradication in the twentieth century paved the way for development. The COVID-19 pandemic posed a new challenge to the economy, which is now heavily dependent on tourism. But resorts were able to reopen relatively quickly, since they are mostly set up on islands apart from those inhabited by local communities. The nation also has proved adept at finding ways to make tourism compatible with Muslim traditions, though imported harder-line Islamic ideology has raised tensions in recent years. Now the islanders must manage their entanglements with rival regional powers, as China and India compete to provide infrastructure.