The Separation and Purification of Ellagic Acid from Phyllanthus urinaria L. by a Combined Mechanochemical-Macroporous Resin Adsorption Method

Ellagic acid is a phenolic compound that exhibits both antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic activity in a wide range of assays in vitro and in vivo. It occurs naturally in some foods such as raspberries, strawberries, grapes, and black currants. In this study, a valid and reliable method based on mechanochemical-assisted extraction (MCAE) and macroporous adsorption resin was developed to extract and prepare ellagic acid from Phyllanthus urinaria L. (PUL). The MCAE parameters, acidolysis, and macroporous adsorption resin conditions were investigated. The key MCAE parameters were optimized as follows: the milling time was 5 min, the ball mill speed was 100 rpm, and the ball mill filling rate was 20.9%. Sulfuric acid with a concentration of 0.552 mol/L was applied for the acidolysis with the optimized acidolysis time of 30 min and acidolysis temperature of 40 °C. Additionally, the XDA-8D macroporous resin was chosen for the purification work. Both the static and dynamic adsorption tests were carried out. Under the optimized conditions, the yield of ellagic acid was 10.2 mg/g, and the content was over 97%. This research provided a rapid and efficient method for the preparation of ellagic acid from the cheaply and easily obtained PUL. Meanwhile, it is relatively low-cost work that can provide a technical basis for the comprehensive utilization of PUL.

Extraction, Preparation and Evaluation of Phyllanthus urinaria extract as Antifungal Cream

The aim of research work is to formulate an antifungal cream. The cream which is prepared is isolated from natural source. The leaves of Phyllanthus urinaria have active antifungal activity. The genus Phyllanthus is one of the most important groups of plants belonging to the Phyllantaceaceae family. Phyllanthus urinaria is an annual perennial herbal species found in tropical Asia, America, China ad Indian ocean island. P. urinaria is used in folk medicine as a cure to treat jaundice, diabetes, malaria, cancer, bacterial infection, fungal infection. This research gives the therapeutical study for the P. urinaria. The extract is isolated with help of ethanol. The cream is prepared with various pharmaceutical ingredient. Antifungal activity is done with the Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans. This cream is then examined and stability test is performed, physicochemical reactions are done to determine chemical constituents present in the extract.

A Review: Mechanism of Phyllanthus urinaria in Cancers—NF-κB, P13K/AKT, and MAPKs Signaling Activation

Phyllanthus urinaria has been characterized for its several biological and medicinal effects such as antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and immunoregulation. In recent years, Phyllanthus urinaria has demonstrated potential to modulate the activation of critical pathways such as NF-κB, P13K/AKT, and ERK/JNK/P38/MAPKs associated with cell growth, proliferation, metastasis, and apoptotic cell death. To date, there is much evidence indicating that modulation of cellular signaling pathways is a promising approach to consider in drug development and discovery. Thus, therapies that can regulate cancer-related pathways are longed-for in anticancer drug discovery. This review’s focus is to provide comprehensive knowledge on the anticancer mechanisms of Phyllanthus urinaria through the regulation of NF-κB, P13K/AKT, and ERK/JNK/P38/MAPKs signaling pathways. Thus, the review summarizes both in vitro and in vivo effects of Phyllanthus urinaria extracts or bioactive constituents with emphasis on tumor cell apoptosis. The literature information was obtained from publications on Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCOhost. The key words used in the search were “Phyllanthus” or “Phyllanthus urinaria” and cancer. P. urinaria inhibits cancer cell proliferation via inhibition of NF-κB, P13K/AKT, and MAPKs (ERK, JNK, P38) pathways to induce apoptosis and prevents angiogenesis. It is expected that understanding these fundamental mechanisms may help stimulate additional research to exploit Phyllanthus urinaria and other natural products for the development of novel anticancer therapies in the future.

Antimicrobial activity of herbal extracts against Vibrio spp. bacteria isolated from white feces syndrome on white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in some provinces in the mekong delta

The study was conducted to determine the antibacterial activity of three herbal extracts: guava (Psidium guajava), leafflower (Phyllanthus urinaria L), beach daisy (Wedelia biflora (L.) DC ) against Vibrio spp. isolated from white feces syndrome infected shrimp in some provinces in the Mekong Delta. The antibacterial activity of the three herbal extracts was evaluated by the well diffusion method, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). The results indicated that there were 102 isolates in total of 378 shrimp samples which were clarified into 7 groups. Among these group, Vibrio alginolyticus group were the most abundant species with the percentage of 50 %, followed by Vibrio cholerae group with the percentage of 17.7%. The herbal extracts of P. guajava and P. urinaria L showed a broad - spectrum antibacterial activity against ten isolates which were selected for MIC and MBC test. The extract of P. urinaria L had the strongest antibacterial activity against V. harveyi CM3HPA2 and V. alginolyticus CM3IB2 (MIC of 0.2 mg/ml, MBC of 0.39 mg/ml). The obtained results indicated that the herbal extract of P. urinaria L will be a good candidate for reducing opportunistic pathogens Vibrio spp. abundant in gastrointestinal tract of shrimp.

Autophagic Inhibition of Caveolin-1 by Compound Phyllanthus urinaria L. Activates Ubiquitination and Proteasome Degradation of β-catenin to Suppress Metastasis of Hepatitis B-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Compound Phyllanthus urinaria L. (CP) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula for cancer treatment in the clinic, particularly during progression of hepatitis B-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV-associated HCC). Nevertheless, its anti-metastatic action and mechanisms are not well elucidated. In this study, CP was found to exert remarkable inhibitory effects on the proliferation, migration and invasion of HBV-associated HCC cells. The following network and biological analyses predicted that CP mainly targeted Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) to induce anti-metastatic effects, and Wnt/β-catenin pathway was one of the core mechanisms of CP action against HBV-associated HCC. Further experimental validation implied that Cav-1 overexpression promoted metastasis of HBV-associated HCC by stabilizing β-catenin, while CP administration induced autophagic degradation of Cav-1, activated the Akt/GSK3β-mediated proteasome degradation of β-catenin via ubiquitination activation, and subsequently attenuated the metastasis-promoting effect of Cav-1. In addition, the anti-cancer and anti-metastatic action of CP was further confirmed by in vivo and ex vivo experiments. It was found that CP inhibited the tumor growth and metastasis of HBV-associated HCC in both mice liver cancer xenograft and zebrafish xenotransplantation models. Taken together, our study not only highlights the novel function of CP formula in suppressing metastasis of HBV-associated HCC, but it also addresses the critical role of Cav-1 in mediating Akt/GSK3β/β-catenin axis to control the late-phase of cancer progression.

Diseminasi Informasi Mengenai Tumbuhan Liar Pekarangan yang Berkhasiat Obat sebagai Alternatif Pemeliharaan Kesehatan pada Masa Krisis Ekonomi di Desa Jeringo, Kabupaten Lombok Barat

In the last few years, the use of medicines made from natural ingredients has returned to people's consumption today because of the assumption that natural ingredients are safer and more economical than chemical drugs. The assumption that natural medicine is safer than chemical drugs. Medicinal plants are types of plants in which certain parts of the roots, stems, bark, leaves or excretions are believed to relieve or reduce pain. Several types of wild medicinal plants found in Jeringo Village are meniran (Phyllanthus urinaria), cat whiskers (Orthosiphon aristatus), bebele / gotu kola (Centella Asiatica), shy daughter (Mimosa pudica) and horse whip (Stachytarpheta jamaicensis). The purpose of this activity is to introduce several types of wild plants that have medicinal properties that grow in the yard, along with how to maintain and process them. It is hoped that from this activity the people of Jeringo will have knowledge and be able to carry out treatment independently by utilizing wild plants as one of the cheap and safe alternative treatments.

KERAGAMAN DAN POTENSI PEMANFAATAN VEGETASI GULMA PASCA PERTANAMAN PADI DI DESA PENGGARON KECAMATAN MOJOWARNO KABUPATEN JOMBANG

A field study aims to determine the diversity and potential utilization of weed vegetation that grows after rice planting. This research was carried out in paddy fields after monoculture rice planting in Penggaron Village, Mojowarno District, Jombang Regency in July - September 2020. Sampling was based on the quadratic sampling method with sample plots arranged randomly. In each plot the data taken is the name, number and canopy (area of ​​cover) of each plant species to determine density, dominance and frequency. Data analysis includes vegetation analysis to determine Summed Dominance Ratio (SDR) and biodiversity analysis calculated using the Shannon - Wienner diversity index. The results of this study were 26 types of weed vegetation were found in post-rice planting land. The dominant vegetation types include Oryza sativa L .; Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenav; Phyllanthus urinaria L .; Monochoria vaginalis (Burm.f.) pressl; and Cleome viscosa L with an SDR value of ≥ 5.30%. A total of 15 types of weeds have the potential to be used as a source of food, animal feed, and traditional medicine.

Revealing Chemopreventive Potential of Active Constituents from Medicinal Herbs Used in Indonesia for (Metastatic) Breast Cancer with Particular Molecular Targets

Breast cancer remains as one of the highest causes of cancer-related deaths in the world, including Indonesia. In spite of following the standard protocol therapy, some patients in developing countries consume medicinal herbs as an alternative, complementary, as well as supportive therapies. Several herbs have been recognized to be used for this purpose. Annona muricata, Curcuma longa, Curcuma zanthorrhiza, Curcuma zedoaria, Phyllanthus urinaria, Gynura procumbens, Garcinia mangostana, Morinda citrifolia, and Nigella sativa are some of the plants used as chemopreventive agents with several formulas. Various types of extracts of Annona muricata show anticancer activities in vitro and in vivo. Curcumin, obtained from Curcuma longa and Curcuma zanthorrhiza, acts as p53 regulator and pro-oxidant in MCF-7 cells and also acts as a fatty acid synthase inhibitor in MDA-MB-231 cells. Xanthorrhizol from Curcuma zanthorrhiza has pro-apoptotic activity via modulation of Bcl-2, p53, and PARP-1 protein levels. Curcuma zedoaria contains curcumenone, curcumenol and curdion, which show pro-apoptotic activity in various cell lines and a cancer-induced mouse model. Corilagin and geraniin from Phyllanthus urinaria have different pro-apoptotic effects, in which, the corilagin-caused apoptotic effect is mediated by extrinsic and mitochondrial pathways, whereas geraniin induces apoptosis via ROS-mediated stimulation, both in MCF-7 cells. Thymoquinone from Nigella sativa has been extensively studied for its anticancer activities in recent years. Plants are cultivated, collected and mixed depending on the use as herbal medicines. Active compounds might be formulated if deemed possible. The development of more potential derivatives is also necessary to produce more optimum anti-cancer agents. In conclusion, Indonesian plants and their active constituents show potential activities to be developed as chemopreventive agents.Keywords: Indonesian medicinal herbs, breast cancer, active constituents, molecular targets