Identification of Shorea species based on leaf morphological character with multivariate analysis

Shorea is one of the largest genera of the Dipterocarpaceae family that dominates Indonesian forests. This genus has an essential role in meeting the supply of wood, both at home and abroad. There are 194 species of shorea in the tropics. However, there is a high degree of similarity between one species and another, making it difficult to identify it. This study aims to estimate the variation of leaf morphology among 6 species of shorea at PT. Reki using multivariate analysis. Multivariate analysis is a statistical technique for analyzing data with a large number of variables. PCA (Principal component analysis), Biplot, and Manova were the three species of multivariate analysis used in this study. The results of PCA analysis showed that the variables of leaf elongation (PR), lamina length (PL) and leaf width to the base of the leaf (LP) had a strong relationship so that they could be used as a differentiator for the 6 shorea species. Biplot analysis showed that Shorea parvifolia, Shorea acuminata and Shorea leprosula had high similarities. It is also indicated by the leaves of the three species, which are more round in shape. The results of the Manova analysis showed a significant value <0.005, which means that all the variables tested have differences from one another. Shorea acuminata and Shorea leprosula have high similarity, and it is also indicated by the leaves of the three species, which are more round in shape.

What Can Native Trees Provide in Revegetating Tropical Degraded Land? An Experience of Man-Made Dipterocarp Forest in Indonesia

The benefits of revegetation provided by the successful growth of planted vegetations. This paper described a successful initiative on the revegetation of tropical degraded land using native trees. More than 250 hectares of intact landscape in Gunung Dahu, West Java—Indonesia have been successfully revegetated using 32 Dipterocarp species. The success of this 20-years-old revegetated landscape was revealed by timber volume, natural regeneration, soil characteristics, ectomycorrhiza occurrence, and ecotourism potential. The results showed that the average diameter and height were varied from 12–43 cm and 10–23 m; diameter mean annual increment were at 0.6–2.1 cm year−1; standing stock per hectares were at 10–220.84 m3 ha−1. The variations might be caused by different planted species, spacing distance, and planting technique. The natural regeneration success was observed by the offspring’s occurrence from six Shorea species and supported by mycorrhiza fruiting bodies predominantly by the genus Rusula. Planted trees also improved the availability of organic materials to the soils, as described by the good total soil porosity (51.06–52.32%) and infiltration rate (120–15,533 mm hour−1) at the site. The landscape also provided springs with continuous water supply and allowed tourists to experience the serenity of the tropical forest. Hence, revegetation using a native tree is prospective and proven to deliver a wider benefit in the ecological, economic, and social aspect.

The effect of planting technique on the growth of two Shorea species in Gunung Dahu, Bogor, Indonesia

One of the rehabilitation efforts undertaken by the Forest Research and Development Center in Bogor was to establish a mixed meranti(Dipterocarp) forest in the Gunung Dahu Research Forest, Bogor - West Java. The rehabilitation activities adopted several planting techniques, including total and line planting, used several types of red meranti (Shorea spp.). The purpose of this study was to assess the success of rehabilitation effort by analyzing the growth performance of Shorea leprosula and Shorea selanicastands in which applying total and line planting techniques. Diameter and height, as well as environmental factors such as soil texture, average litter thickness, slope, the average thickness of topsoil, and canopy density, were plant growth parameters that were observed. Growth data analysis was performed using ANOVA and followed by Duncan's test. The results showed that planting techniques affected the diameter growth. The highest growth rate was found in S. selanicaspecies with line planting techniques with the average diameter and height increment was 1.13 cm/year and 0.78 cm/year. Line planting techniques also scored the highest value of basal area and stand volumes, 0.06 m2 and 0.64 m3per year for S. leprosulaand 0.06 m2and 0.66 m3per year for S. selanica.

Anatomical Properties and Near Infrared Spectra Characteristics of Four Shorea Species from Indonesia

This study investigated the anatomical properties and absorbance characteristics of NIR spectra of four Shorea species from Indonesia. Macroscopic section revealed that Balau has similarity with Heavy Red Meranti, whereas White Meranti was almost identical with Light Red Meranti. All of the woods have diffuse porous and axial resin canals in tangential lines at the microscopic level. Original NIR spectra of Shorea species showed different absorbance characteristic. Wood density was assumed to be one of the factors that affected to the absorbances. Principal component analysis (PCA) of second derivative NIR spectra at the wavenumber 8,000-4,000 cm-1 (full) and 6,200-5,600 cm-1 (specific) showed different orientation among the Principal Component (PC) number. PC1, which contained highest spectral variation, had two closed clusters (1) Balau and Heavy Red Meranti and (2) White and Light Red Meranti at full spectral range. In contrast, the results at specific range were (1) Balau and White Meranti and (2) Heavy and Light Red Meranti. Hierarchical clustering dendrogram using PCA data from two spectral regions resulted in two types of clustering, the 8,000-4,000 cm-1 was somehow related to ‘density’, while the 6,200-5,600 cm-1 was grouped in ‘color’ information from visual inspection. From both spectral regions, k-nearest neighbour (k-NN) classification models revealed 100% accuracy in identification four Shorea species using NIR spectra.

Identification and Seedlings Growth Evaluation of Shorea Species-Producing Tengkawang

Most of non timber forest product (NTFP) utilization taken from natural forests which decrease on productivity annually, including tengkawang producer species which taken from West Kalimantan natural forests. This condition needs an effort to preserve those species from natural population utilization through plantation forest development that require spesific strategy. This study was part of breeding strategy of shorea species producing tengkawang which aimed to species identify and seedling growth evaluation used genetic material from 2 (two) population from West Kalimantan. The research was arranged in 2 (two) steps, i.e.1) species identification used morphology characteristic difference, and 2) seedling growth evaluation (height,diameter,sturdiness). Seedling growth evaluation was arranged in RCBD, with 5 plot (combination of species and source population), contained 25 seedlings and 4 replications (blocks). The result showed that seedlings of shorea species producing tengkawang, i.e. S.stenoptera, S.macrophylla, and S.gysbertsiana can be different from its stipulae morphology characteristic. Growth of 10 months shorea species producing tengkawang seedlings were significantly different on height and sturdiness. Seedlings height were 67,19 – 88,79 cm, seedlings diameter 9,65 – 10,33 mm and sturdiness 7 – 9,21 in range. The best seedling growth was S.stenoptera and S.macrophylla from Gunung Bunga, West Kalimantan.