The Conflicting Uses of Prison Visitation in Mandate Palestine

The British who ruled Mandate Palestine established a prison visiting system that enabled inspection and oversight of carceral conditions by officials and lay representatives. In often contradictory and variegated ways, both the British and their subjects used this system as a political tool. For the British, lay participation in prison visiting was consistent with colonial pursuits such as advancing penal reform, attempting to “civilize” the local population, preserving the colonial difference, pacifying the locals, and co-opting opposition. The colonized employed prison visits for their own conflicting purposes: to advance both national goals and a universal agenda, to defy the colonial difference and to embrace it at the same time. British repurposing of reformist ideology to advance its civilizing mission was thus vulnerable to the claims of the colonized, who employed prison visiting to advance claims for ethnic and national equality, striking at the core principle of colonial difference. By examining the prison visit policy in Mandate Palestine, this article offers a pioneering approach to the political history of the colonial prison and the tension between penal reform and the larger colonial agenda.

The core principle is to put heart into your work

Here is the interview with one of the most outstanding Russian physical anthropologist, the author of more than 250 scientific papers, published in the leading Russian and foreign publications, the creator of one of the areas of population studies — “ethnic cranioscopy”, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Chief Researcher of the MAE RAS Alexander G. Kozintsev, recently celebrated his 75th anniversary.

Shifting the Level of Selection in Science

Criteria for recognizing and rewarding scientists typically focus on individual contributions. This creates a conflict between what is best for scientists’ careers and what is best for science. In this paper, we show how principles from the theory of multilevel selection provide a toolkit for modifying incentives to better align individual and collective interests. A core principle is the need to shift the level at which selection operates, from individuals to the groups in which individuals are embedded. This principle is used in several fields to improve collective outcomes, including animal husbandry, professional sports, and professional organizations. Shifting the level of selection has the potential to ameliorate several problems in contemporary science, including accounting for scientists’ indirect contributions, reducing individual-level competition, and promoting specialization. We discuss the difficulties associated with changing the level of selection and outline directions for future development in this domain.

Empowering Heutagogy for 21st Century Learning

Heutagogy a term which describes self-determined learning with principles deeply engrained in andragogy has recently gained popularity as a learning technique due to limited attention for a period of time. The core principle of heutagogical teaching and learning technique is to encourage learners to be self-determined and is grounded upon the development of learner’s individual capability with the primary goal of grooming learners to gracefully survive the complexities of the rapidly globalizing economies. The renewed attention towards heutagogy is partly due to the advancement of technology. With the learner-centric design, technological advancement greatly supports the heutagogical approach by sustaining the expansion of learner generated subject. Therefore, this article collates crucial commentaries and opinions from various scholars in the field. This article is built grounded on various relevant literatures and thoroughly defines the intriguing concept of heutagogy and andragogy to a certain extent. This article offers a foundation for further discussions and impactful research into heutagogy as an emerging learning technique and a theory which would revolutionize the education system while nurturing life-long and mature learners who are academically and professionally prepared for the rapidly globalizing economy.

Transparency in Environmental and Resource Governance: Theories of Change for the EITI

Transparency is now a core principle in environmental and resource governance. Responding to calls for a clearer identification of pathways from transparency to effective change, this article identifies three “Theories of Change” for governance-by-disclosure and applies them to the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI). Among the best known global transparency initiatives, the EITI has used an inclusive multistakeholder governance model and elaborate compliance standards, disclosing trillions of dollars in natural resource revenues. Yet, after two decades, the EITI is still largely without an explicit and proven theory. This study finds that a Theory of Change for the EITI is possible, valuable, and even necessary as the EITI risks becoming obsolete in some participating countries. The proposed Theories of Change provide valuable templates for environmental and resource governance, yet such models need to reflect national contexts, needs, challenges, and objectives to ensure fit and effective implementation, including measures enforcing accountability.