Performance evaluation of DNS servers to build a benchmarking system of DNS64 implementations

DNS64 is an important IPv6 transition technology that facilitates the communication of an IPv6 only client with an IPv4 only server, which becomes a more and more common scenario. Several different DNS64 implementations exist, and their performance is a relevant decision factor for network operators. RFC 8219 has defined a benchmarking methodology for DNS64 servers, which requires the operation of an authoritative DNS server at 220% of the query rate used for DNS64 benchmarking. In this paper, we aim to build an authoritative DNS server that operates at 2.2 million qps (queries per second) rate, thus it facilitates DNS64 benchmarking up to 1,000,000 qps rate. To that end, we compare the performance of BIND, YADIFA, NSD, Knot DNS and FakeDNS (a special purpose software) to find the best suiting one of them. We fully disclose the details of our measurements including the configuration of the DNS implementations, the usage of our improved software tester called dns64perf ++, and the details of the hardware and software measurement environment in the NICT StarBED, Japan. We perform a series of measurements to examine, how the performance of the tested solutions scale up with the number of the active CPU cores from 1 to 32. Besides their performance, we also measure their memory consumption and zone load time. We present and discuss all the results. In addition to successfully building an authoritative DNS server with the required performance, we also make recommendations, which solutions suit to different special needs.

A Comparative Study between IPv4 and IPv6

The transition between the Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) and Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) will be a long process during both protocol coexists and it unreasonable to expect that many millions of IPv4 nodes will be converted overnight. Mobility is becoming ubiquitous nowadays. This paper has described about a background study of IPv4 and IPv6, the needs of IPv6, transition mechanisms in the various architectures, and comparison of the IPv4 and IPv6 in two major areas; header format and transition mechanism. Then, the transformation of IPv4 to IPv6 addressing by using tunnel and dual stack protocol will be discussed.

survey on the performance analysis of IPv6 transition technologies

As the public IPv4 address space has already been depleted, the full deployment of IPv6 became indispensable, especially for service providers, as it offers a sufficient address pool. However, the ongoing IPv6 transition seems to be a lengthy task because of the numerous challenges it faces. Therefore, it is expected that IPv4 and IPv6 will coexist for a long time. Consequently, many transition technologies have been developed for this purpose. Several research papers have conducted performance analysis for a number of these transition technologies and even compared them based on some measuring metrics like RTT, throughput, jitter, packet loss, and so on. This paper reviews the results of these papers, discusses their findings, and gives some guidelines fora feasible benchmarking methodology.

Benchmarking stateless NAT64 implementations with a standard tester

RFC 5180, the IPv6 update of RFC 2544, declared IPv6 transition technologies out of its scope. RFC 8219 defined a benchmarking methodology for IPv6 transition technologies including stateless NAT64 (more properly called SIIT) in the category of single translation solutions. Whereas several research papers have dealt with the performance of different stateful NAT64 implementations, none of them used RFC 8219 compliant measurements or addressed stateless NAT64 implementations. In this paper, we show, how stateless NAT64 implementations can be benchmarked carrying out the most important tests recommended by RFC 8219 without a special purpose NAT64 Tester, using simply an RFC 2544/RFC 5180 compliant legacy Tester. We carry out benchmarking measurements to examine the performance of three free software NAT64 implementations, namely: Jool, TAYGA and map646. All the details of our measurements are disclosed and their results are presented in the paper.

Migration from IPV4 to IPV6 in Republic of Yemen

Due to the great features IPv6 has over IPv4, many countries have adopted IPv6 in their networks, and many websites are planning to complete their migration to IPv6. In Yemen, the process of deploying IPv6 is still very slow, and if it continued in the same pace, in few years Internet users in Yemen won’t be able to reach some websites or even communicate with IPv6-only users in other countries. In this paper, not only did we investigate the details of the IPv6 transition process in Yemen, but we also suggested, implemented and tested solutions to one of the most important problems that prevent Yemen’s ISP from deploying IPv6 in their network, which is the fact that many users still have IPv4-only devices and can’t change them or upgrade their software to support IPv6. In our work, we used a combination of software and hardware to implement IPv6 migration techniques, and focused on many important theoretical concepts such as IP addresses planning and OSPF routing in order to make sure that these solutions are applicable in reality.

IPv6 campus transition: A Central Luzon State University case study

Internet connections still use IPv4 as the primary address protocol and it is now facing exhaustion. However, academic institutions specifically in the Philippines should devise steps to address the exhaustion of IPv4. In this paper, this is brought to light as we present the IPv4 to IPv6 campus transition techniques to address the issue. The experiment is carried out in Central Luzon State University and is assessed if the university is able to adopt the IPv6 transition in their campus network. Two IPv6 transition mechanisms were implemented and tested. As a general result, it has been found out, through testbeds, that the dual-stack transition mechanism is more suitable than 6 to 4 tunnel broker. The results have also shown that 6 to 4 tunnel broker was outperformed by dual-stack transition mechanism in all areas and presents better performance. Additionally, results also showed that IPv4 presents slight advantages in terms of network performance than IPv6 with a very small percentage in difference, and this does mean that migration to IPv6 is possible without performance detriments. Furthermore, the results also provide a proof of concept for the university especially in the Philippines to consider IPv6 for future migration within their campus network.