Evaluation of WASH at Sana’a University as per IWRM Perspective

The Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) is considered to be a key in achieving a sustainable improved WASH sector. Water supply and sanitation are among the most essential sectors of development Enhancement of community water supplies and sanitation results in improved social, economic conditions and health. Students are likely to be affected in different ways by inadequate Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) conditions in schools and universities, so this may contribute to reduce in getting the right learning opportunities. Due to the importance of the WASH sector in improving the community’s level and standards, this paper will help to assess the WASH at Sana’a University.A multi-disciplinary approach to reach the objective targeted in this paper has been used; an intensive literature review has been done, a closedended questionnaire was developed with the help of some INGOs standards such as WHO, UNICEF and Sphere to collect the required data from the beneficiaries, a checklist was developed and used to acquire the requireddata and information from the fields and meet face-to-face with the key informants of each faculty, and all the collected data and information are analyzed with the help of Kobo Toolbox. The findings of the research showed that water shortages and inadequate sanitation were due to weak infrastructure although its own a very strong infrastructure; systems were not repaired or maintained and fell into disuse. In addition, the water supply shortages were also due to insufficient water capacity, physical contaminatedexisting water sources, lack of communication between university officials, and the obstacles to (WASH) sector which include lack of human resources, lack of financial resources, and unclear roles and responsibilities. The recommendation was based on the findings and related issues with water institution, water sector and resource, sanitation, and hygiene in addition to NGOs to support the university WASH infrastructure.Keywords: Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH), Sana’a University, KoboToolbox and IWRM.

Study and Analysis of an Electrical Energy Saving Strategies and Gas Emissions Reduction for a Private Hospital Building in Yemen

Hospital buildings consume high energy more than other buildings in the commercial buildings sector as there is a continuous demand for power supplies. Energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced in the buildings sector by using various energy saving methods. In this study, on-sight visiting for energy audit has been conducted at a private hospital in Sana’a - Yemen to record all data relevant to energy consumption by equipment, machines, and all other mechanical systems. Different energy saving scenarios were using to estimate the potential of energy saving such as using high-efficiency lighting devices, raising the thermostat set point temperature for air conditioners, using high-efficiency motors (HEM) with a different load ratio, and using variable speed motors (VSM). Results indicated that energy consumption for the hospital was 4,061.8 Megawatthourper year whereas energy intensity was 232 kWh/m2. It is found that about 150.32 megawatt-hours of annual energy saving is achieved by using HEM and 689.72 Megawatt-hour per year by raising the set point of air conditioners thermostat to 26 °C. In addition, 1513 megawatt-hours per year of energy can be saved by reducing the VSM speed to 60% whereas95.8 megawatt-hours per year is estimated by adopting 100% load of HEM. The economic study of energy saving strategies was found that the use of HEM is not economically viable, while the use of VSM with large capacity motors is better from economic and environmental points of view. Keywords: Hospital building, energy consumption, Energy index, Energy saving, Emission reduction

Modeling Water Supply and Demand for Effective Water Management in the Sana’a Basin in Yemen

Modelling system is the core for the evaluation of water related sectors in the Sana’a Basin. The numerical modelling (MODFLOW) has emerged as an effective tool for managing groundwater resources and predicting future responses, especially when dealing with complex aquifers systems and heterogeneous formations. MODFLOW model has been used herein as a management tool for the targeted sub- basins in Sana’a Basin such (Wadi Bani Hawat, Wadi Dhahr & Al-Ghayl, Wadi Hamdan & As Sabrahand Wadi Ghayman); the most important groundwater resources for domestic and agricultural sectors in Sana’a basin. A conceptual model was designed according to the actual groundwater dynamic flow system in the 2010 Hydrosult Sana’a Basin Model. Also, the governing partial parabolic differential equation was defined, including the vertical conductivity flow between the aquifers. Total groundwater abstraction values from previous studies were compiled, including the 2015 well inventory data of National Water Resources Authority –Sana’a Basin.In this study, three simulations of groundwater development scenarios were distinguished. The first scenario is applied for evaluation of the present status and till 2025. The second and thethird scenarios are focused on the effect of water augmentation i.e. decrease the present rate of groundwater abstraction to 30% and 50% respectively, with considering the highly intervention of IWRM structure of Sana’a basin on the on-going activities related to change land use, change crop pattern, value chain, marketing, modern irrigation techniques, water harvesting techniques, treated waste reuse etc…. Also other Modules were used in calculating the groundwater demand, deficit and unemployment in agricultural sector inSana’a Basin. Scenario 3 gives a remarkable improvement of the water resources system in the four sub-basins within a reasonable period (in the year 2025), thus, it will keep the water resources sustainability; but the unemployment in agricultural sector in Sana’a Basin in scenario 3 will be is the highest value if comparing with the other two scenarios. It will reachin 2025 under scenario 2 and scenario 3 to 10432 and 14762 respectively while in scenario 1 the unemployment will disappeared in 2025. This study is recommended that irrigation systems should be improved, usage of harvesting water methods and treated waste water reuse for agriculture to avoid the depletion of Sana’ Basin aquifer and to reduce unemployment in agricultural sector in Sana’a Basin. Keywords: Groundwater Flow Model, MODFLOW, Management Scenarios, Sana’a Basin, Targeted Sub-Basins.

CFD Simulation of Air Pollution Distribution and Its Effect on Patients in Hospital Operating Rooms

This paper uses the CFD technique to simulate the internal environment of a hospital operating room, including the surgical area that includes the patientand the surgical team. Moreover, this work provides mathematical simulation of many models to be placed in the air entry and air exit areas in the operating room to obtainthe optimal model of air distribution within the operating room. The results obtained matched well with experimental data from approved literature and standards. These results found that airflow and air velocity significantly affect the patient’s thermal comfort in the operating room.Besides, it is observed that some recirculation zone is formed, and this is a result of the heat generated by the surgical team and the accelerated air. This region is considered a source for the survival of the polluted air in the room. Keywords: CFD, Operating room, Numerical analysis.

Studying the Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Columns Confined by Steel Structure Under Eccentrically Loading

This research paper presents an analytical study of a number of Reinforced Concrete Columns models which have rectangular cross section and confined/unconfined by steel Structure of vertical angles and horizontal plates. Columns are subjected to centric and eccentric compression load. The objective is to know how far the bracing is effective in increasing the strength of these columns. This type of strengthening is considered better than the concrete Structure, Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) and other types because it has many features, easy and fast to be constructed. The study demonstrated that the bracing by steel Structure led to increase the strength in large ratios and had been clear that once the thickness of steel Structure is increased, the strength increases. And once the eccentricity is increased, the strength decreases and also the failure load. Keywords: reinforced concrete columns, bracing, steel structure, centriccompression, eccentric compression, steel structure thickness, strengtheningeffectiveness, failure load.

Evaluation of the Efficiency of Wastewater Treatment Plants in Taiz City and their Suitability for Irrigation

A field study was carried out for influent and effluent wastewater from Two treatment plants in Taiz city. The aim of the study is to evaluate and increase the efficiency of the treatment plants in Al-Buriahy and Nadfood factories (Al-Qurf), in order to ensure the safe and suitable use of wastewater for irrigation. Four samples of sewage were collected from influent and effluent of different locations within the areas of Al-Qurf, Al-Hawjlah, Hidran Al-Dabab and Al-Buraihy. The results of the chemical analysis showed that the samples of the partially treated wastewater compared with the untreated wastewater were higher in total dissolved solids. The values of the trace elements remained at the level of the sewage influent before and after the treatment plant in Al-Buraihy, the level of treatment did not decrease the concentration of a number of these elements. The results of the study indicate that the concentration of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) for effluent wastewater from the treatment plants recorded a significant decrease in their values. In contrast the results were close in the concentration of the BOD5 influent from the treatment plant in Al-Buraihy with the BOD5 concentration effluent from the treatment plant in the Nadfood has, reached 457mg/l, because the influent of the sewage from the industrial processes in the treatment plant of the Nadfood was too high, reaching an average of 7791 mg / l compared with 553 mg / l in the municipal influent sewage at the treatment plant in Al-Buraihy. The results of bacteriological analyses showed that the treated wastewater recorded a significant reduction in the number of fecal coliform compared with the number of fecal coliform at influent from treatment plant at Al-Buraihy area.These indications for treatment in wastewater stabilization ponds in Al-Buraihy, and treatment plant for industrial wastewater, that include the aeration and sedimentation units in Al-Qurf Nadfood factories, indicate that the degree of treatment is below the required level and still exceeds the limit allowed for irrigation purposes according to Yemeni and International standards. This suggests an action of rehabilitation of existing sewerage system, completion of the sewerage network and the establishment of the new treatment plant by using stabilization ponds with floating surface aerator in the facultative ponds at north of Taiz City. In addition, increase the efficiency of the current treatment plant by division of wastewater stabilization ponds in Al-Buraihy, into anaerobic, facultative and maturation ponds, providing each pond with two devices/tools to measure the flows, and the establishment of the new treatment plant at the Nadfood factories. It should consist of screening, oil /fat removal, primary and secondary clarifiers, high rate trickling filters (1st and 2nd stage), sludge digester, sand drying beds, and chlorination. Keywords: Taiz city, sewage, biochemical oxygen demand, fecal coliform,treatment plant, efficiency, municipal, industrial.

Potential of Road Rainwater Harvesting in Yemen – Its Social, Environmental and Economic Benefits: A Case Study of Sana›a – Hodeida Road, Yemen

In Yemen, farmers and people living along the roads are suffering from the lack of utilization of rainwater runoff from road surface & surrounding area and road water structures. The objectives of this research is to optimize the benefits of Road Rainwater Harvesting (RRWH) to the beneficiaries during road design, construction and operation & maintenance; to suggest a technical outlines; to induce the awareness of road’s engineers on the importance of Integrated Water Harvesting Management (IWHM), in addition to discussing the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA). The research approach focused on conducting field visits and applying a reconnaissance survey to document the current and potential road rainwater structures along the pilot section of 24 km as part of Sana’a – Al-Hodiedah road between Al- Masajed village and Sooq Al-Aman; Designing and applying questionnaires and interviews for farmers & beneficiaries, and road engineers. The SPSS software program was used to analyze the collected data. From the conducted interviews along the road, it was revealed that almost all the stakeholders have land adjacent to the roadside, and their farms are irrigated from rainwater collected from road structures. All inhabitants considered water floods running from/on the road surface and structures as their rights, and it is distributed at the moment according to the field’s water rights which exist before the road construction. The research found that almost all farmers considered the water from roads as contaminated water. The source of contamination comes from residual oil on the road, diesel, oil from oil shops and suspended soil particles. On the other hand, according to the road engineer’s questionnaire, the concept of water harvesting, groundwater recharge and water for irrigation from road surface and road structures were not considered during design. In addition, the results obtained showed that water-harvesting techniques in the pilot road section is in the form of farmers’initiatives implemented by directing water to their farms for irrigation. The study conclude applying RRWH to protect the road sections from erosion and damage; increase the availability and utilization of water in the areas nearby roads; minimize the erosion of landscape especially in mountainous areas as well as in road embankments; improve the stabilization of the road slopes; and maintain esthetic value of landscape nearby roads. It is recommended that road drainage structure should be located in a proper place to avoid conflicts among farmers and fulfill their water rights. To avoid soil and water contamination by oil, grease and fuel from vehicles along the road, the research recommends that oil workshops should be implemented and forced to collect and recycle oil instead of disposing it on the road surface. RRWH is recommended to be applied to mitigate the damage of terraces during the heavy runoff. The study urges the joint efforts from all stakeholders and road engineers to apply the suggested technical outline in this paper by including rainwater harvesting from roads as part of road design, implementation and maintenance. Keywords: rainwater harvesting, road design, culverts, engineers,stakeholders, farmers, ESIA, Yemen, social and economic benefits.

Ternary Electronic Logic Systems Automation: A Novel Study Based on VHDL Language Third Part: Ternary Non-Combinational (Sequential) Logic Components

In this scientific paper, the third part of the software library for the Ternary non-combinational (Sequential) logic components (the components that store information) will be built based on VHDL language starting by the Ternary D Latch (TDL) and ending by the Ternary RAM (TRAM).

Evaluation of the Quality of Irrigated Soil by Wastewater in Taiz City, Yemen

A field study was conducted for soil which was irrigated by partially treated and untreated sewage in the Surroundings of Taiz City. The study aims at evaluating the level of degradation on agricultural soil in the study area as a result of the wastewater application. Four samples of soils have been collected from four different sites within the areas of Al-Qurf, Al-Hawajalah, Al-Buraihy and Hidran Al-Dabab, in addition to a control sample of soil from agricultural land irrigated only from seasonal rainwater at Mafraq Sharab. The results of mechanical analysis of the soil showed that the soil texture at the four different sites varied from one location to another. For instance, at Al-Qurf and al-Hawjalah areas, the soil texture was found to be Silt-Loam, whereas at Al-Buraihy and Hidran Al Dabab, the soil texture was clay, while the soil texture in Mafraq Sharab was loam. The results of the chemical analysis of the soil samples indicate that the soil irrigated from partially treated and untreated wastewater compared to the irrigated soil of rainwater was most affected by the high level of salinity and the calcium carbonate ratio. In addition, the chemical and heavy metals elements contents of the soil are high which is probably accumulated in soil over several years. This suggests an action of rapid treatment of land where salinity has accumulated significantly through soil rehabilitation, including soil tillage mixed with limited quantities of gypsum and soil leach with fresh, low-salty water, and thus soil cultivation with barley or sorghum yield and rotation of freshwater and treated wastewater irrigation.

Migration from IPV4 to IPV6 in Republic of Yemen

Due to the great features IPv6 has over IPv4, many countries have adopted IPv6 in their networks, and many websites are planning to complete their migration to IPv6. In Yemen, the process of deploying IPv6 is still very slow, and if it continued in the same pace, in few years Internet users in Yemen won’t be able to reach some websites or even communicate with IPv6-only users in other countries. In this paper, not only did we investigate the details of the IPv6 transition process in Yemen, but we also suggested, implemented and tested solutions to one of the most important problems that prevent Yemen’s ISP from deploying IPv6 in their network, which is the fact that many users still have IPv4-only devices and can’t change them or upgrade their software to support IPv6. In our work, we used a combination of software and hardware to implement IPv6 migration techniques, and focused on many important theoretical concepts such as IP addresses planning and OSPF routing in order to make sure that these solutions are applicable in reality.