Do You Have a "Strict Purse"? The Routes to Meaning in Metaphor

<p>Theoretically there are two processing systems through which meaning can be found for a given statement: an effortless, associative processing system (meaning retrieval), or an effortful, analytical processing system (meaning construction). The current study investigated whether or not the context in which target (loosely figurative) word-pairs are presented can influence whether a person relies on associative or analytical processing to find their meaning. Participants were presented with target (loosely figurative) novel word-pairs and asked to judge them for meaningfulness. These target novel word-pairs were presented in different contexts: either mixed with clearly meaningful word-pairs or with additional novel word-pairs. By nature, meaning cannot be retrieved for novel word-pairs, so if a novel word-pair is to be found "meaningful," then its meaning must usually be constructed online (via the analytical processing system). Consistent with increased reliance on analytical processing, participants who saw target novel word-pairs mixed with additional novel word-pairs judged them meaningful more often than did participants who saw them mixed with clearly meaningful word-pairs. Participants who saw target novel word-pairs mixed with additional novel word-pairs also had more negative N400s to target novel word-pairs, indicating that they committed more semantic effort to the processing of these (again consistent with analytical processing). Associative processing does not involve attempts to construct new meaning for given word-pairs. Consistent with increased reliance on associative processing, participants who saw target novel word-pairs mixed with clearly meaningful word-pairs judged them meaningful less often than did participants who saw them mixed with additional novel word-pairs. These participants also had less negative N400s to target novel word-pairs, indicating that they committed less semantic effort to the processing of these (again fitting with associative processing). Further evidence for different contexts leading to differential processing of the same target novel word-pairs was provided by examination of wave morphology. Two distinctive patterns of neural activation were found in response to the same target novel word-pairs, differing depending on the context in which these appeared. Overall, the results of the current study were consistent with the hypothesis that context can influence which processing system is relied upon to find meaning for a given statement. This finding challenges contemporary models of meaning construction and metaphor comprehension by showing that context is essential to these processes and needs to be taken into consideration.</p>

Do You Have a "Strict Purse"? The Routes to Meaning in Metaphor

<p>Theoretically there are two processing systems through which meaning can be found for a given statement: an effortless, associative processing system (meaning retrieval), or an effortful, analytical processing system (meaning construction). The current study investigated whether or not the context in which target (loosely figurative) word-pairs are presented can influence whether a person relies on associative or analytical processing to find their meaning. Participants were presented with target (loosely figurative) novel word-pairs and asked to judge them for meaningfulness. These target novel word-pairs were presented in different contexts: either mixed with clearly meaningful word-pairs or with additional novel word-pairs. By nature, meaning cannot be retrieved for novel word-pairs, so if a novel word-pair is to be found "meaningful," then its meaning must usually be constructed online (via the analytical processing system). Consistent with increased reliance on analytical processing, participants who saw target novel word-pairs mixed with additional novel word-pairs judged them meaningful more often than did participants who saw them mixed with clearly meaningful word-pairs. Participants who saw target novel word-pairs mixed with additional novel word-pairs also had more negative N400s to target novel word-pairs, indicating that they committed more semantic effort to the processing of these (again consistent with analytical processing). Associative processing does not involve attempts to construct new meaning for given word-pairs. Consistent with increased reliance on associative processing, participants who saw target novel word-pairs mixed with clearly meaningful word-pairs judged them meaningful less often than did participants who saw them mixed with additional novel word-pairs. These participants also had less negative N400s to target novel word-pairs, indicating that they committed less semantic effort to the processing of these (again fitting with associative processing). Further evidence for different contexts leading to differential processing of the same target novel word-pairs was provided by examination of wave morphology. Two distinctive patterns of neural activation were found in response to the same target novel word-pairs, differing depending on the context in which these appeared. Overall, the results of the current study were consistent with the hypothesis that context can influence which processing system is relied upon to find meaning for a given statement. This finding challenges contemporary models of meaning construction and metaphor comprehension by showing that context is essential to these processes and needs to be taken into consideration.</p>

Upaya Meningkatkan Kemampuan Membaca Kata Melalui Metode Praktik Langsung dengan Kartu Huruf pada Anak Kelompok B TK Dharma Wanita II Mergowati Kecamatan Kedu Kabupaten Temanggung Semester II Tahun Pelajaran 2017/2018

Efforts to improve the ability to read words are an effort that gradually increases or enhances the ability or skills of children in translating spoken or written letters that have certain meanings. The rationale so that this problem arises is the low ability to read at the beginning of Group B TK Dharma Wanita II Mergowati. The objectives of this study are: 1) To find out that through the direct practice of the method with letter cards it can improve the ability to read words of children in Group B TK Dharma Wanita II Mergowati, Kedu District, Temanggung Regency, Semester II, 2017/2018 Academic Year, 2) To determine the magnitude of the increase in ability reading words through direct practice methods with letter cards in Group B children TK Dharma Wanita II Mergowati, Kedu District, Temanggung Regency, Semester II, 2017/2018 Academic Year.The subjects of this study were students of Group B TK Dharma Wanita II Mergowati totaling 20 children. The research was conducted from March to April 2018. The data collection methods used were observation, documentation, and interviews.Based on the results of research and discussion, it can be concluded that through direct practice with lettercard media can improve the ability to read words of children in Group B TK Dharma Wanita II Mergowati, Kedu District, Temanggung Regency, Semester II, 2017/2018 Academic Year. This is evidenced by an increase in children's pre-action reading skills before the action only reached 10%, then after the improvement in Cycle I increased to 45%, and Cycle II became 85%, having met the predetermined maximum percentage of 80%. This success is marked by the child being able to pronounce letter symbols that symbolize it, the child is able to compose letters into a meaningful word, the child is able to name groups of pictures that have the same initial/last sound/letter, the child is able to read and write simple words.

CHARACTER IMAGE SEGMENTATION OF JAVANESE SCRIPT USING CONNECTED COMPONENT METHOD

Automation of Javanese script translation is needed to make it easier for people to understand the meaning of ancient Javanese script. By using Javanese script image as input, the translation system generally consists of character segmentation, character recognition, and combining the recognized characters as a meaningful word. The segmentation which obtains region of interest of each character, is an important process in the translation system. In the previous research, segmentation using projection profile method can separate each character well. The method can overcome characters overlapping, but it still produces truncated characters. In this study, we proposed a new segmentation to reduce the truncated character. The first step of the proposed method is pre-processing that consists of converting input into binary image and cleaning noises. The next step is to determine the connected component labels, which further perform as candidate of characters. Some of the candidates are still represented by more than one labels, so that we need a process to merge the connected component labels that have centroid distance less than threshold. We evaluate the proposed method using Intersection over Union (IoU). The evaluation shows the best accuracy 93,26%.

The variations of human miRNAs and Ising like base pairing models

AbstractmiRNAs are small about 22-base pair long, RNA molecules are of extreme biological importance. Like other longer RNA molecules, messages in miRNAs are encoded by the permutations of only four nucleotide bases represented by A, U, C and G. However, just like words in any language, not all combination of these alphabets make a meaningful word. In fact, we find that the distributions of nucleotides bases in human miRNAs show significant deviation from randomness. First, a miRNA sequence containing four bases are mapped into a binary string with three kinds of classifications according to their chemical properties. Then, we propose a simple nearest neighbor model (Ising model) to understand the statistical variations in human miRNAs.

Zum terminologischen Status der Inkorporation in der deutschen und der dänischen Wortbildungsbeschreibung

The article deals with the subject of incorporation shown as a special kind of composition and derivates formed from phrases (Zusammenbildungen). The author attempts to differentiate between these two types and also describes such phenomena as predicate-argument- structure and the principle of the meaningful word. In his opinion it is worth using such terms to give the language description a better overview.

An Overview on Adverbial Locutions More Words in Albanian Language

The object of this article is to describe the formation of locutions formed by many words, noting the value of their semantics. This group locutions is not large, however, they show great interest for structural and semantic diversity. These locutions are treated in grammar and different studies not as a separate group and not in detail. In the article they will be treated according to the elements that make up their structure. These elements are words with features lexicon - grammar different and have different degrees of stability. The use ratio of meaningful words, words not meaningful in these structures is different. Largest number consists locutions that are formed from equal number of words of the two groups. Meaningful words these locutions are names, adverbs and numerals rare; not meaningful words are the conjunction, preposition or particles. They can stand before a meaningful word or in between them. Meaningful words are reports of equality between them. Locutions having the structure unequal number of words meaningful and non-meaningful words are scarce. Among the meaningful words of this type locutions reports are mixed. The first two elements are scoring words about addiction.