Language sources and the reconstruction of early languages

This article argues that with the original emphasis on dialectal variation, using primarily literary texts from various regions, analysis of Old French has routinely neglected social variation, providing an incomplete picture of its grammar. Accordingly, Old French has been identified as typically featuring e.g. “pro-drop”, brace constructions, and single negation. Yet examination of these features in informal texts, as opposed to the formal texts typically dealt with, demonstrates that these documents do not corroborate the picture of Old French that is commonly presented in the linguistic literature. Our reconstruction of Old French grammar therefore needs adjustment and further refinement, in particular by implementing sociolinguistic data. With a broader scope, the call for inclusion of sociolinguistic variation may resonate in the investigation of other early languages, resulting in the reassessment of the sources used, and reopening the debate about social variation in dead languages and its role in language evolution.

Replacing and Remembering Rides : Ontological Security, Authenticity and Online Memorialization

Drawing on Anthony Giddens’ idea of ontological security, this chapter considers fan reactions when favourite rides are closed or replaced. First it explores fan responses to the closure of the Maelstrom ride at Walt Disney World’s EPCOT Park which was replaced by attractions based on the animated film Frozen and how opposition was linked to the importance of ‘classic attractions’ to the park’s history and Disney’s brand, and a desire to remain ‘true to’ EPCOT’s original emphasis upon education. Second, the chapter looks at how Disney’s abandoned River Country Water Park in Florida has offered some of the most detailed instances of fan archiving, curation and discussion online, considering what remembering, representing and discussing the park online offers fans within participatory theme park culture.

The liability of newer than newness: aspiring entrepreneurs and legitimacy

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to return to Stinchcombe’s original emphasis on emerging vs existing organizations by examining the cognitive legitimacy challenges aspiring entrepreneurs face vis-à-vis entrepreneurs with existing businesses. Design/methodology/approach The data collection included content analysis of profiles of an online crowdfunding, peer-to-peer lending market leading to a sample of 507 business loan requests, 123 of which were requests to support new business ideas rather than existing businesses. Negative binomial regression was used to test hypotheses regarding whether aspiring entrepreneurs seeking convenience-based support for their new business ideas would be less successful than their counterpart entrepreneurs seeking support for their existing businesses. Findings The findings show that aspiring entrepreneurs received less convenience-based support for their new business ideas from key resource providers than their peer entrepreneurs asking for support for existing businesses. The findings also suggest that this liability of newer than newness may be able to be mitigated by reputational signals such as the creditworthiness of the entrepreneur making the request. Originality/value This study focuses on the original insights Stinchcombe introduced when he described the social conditions that produce the liability of newness. Moreover, this study offers explicit theory as to the key mechanisms that cause the liability of newness by focusing on an aspiring entrepreneur’s ability to secure convenience-based support and potential ways an aspiring entrepreneur may offset that liability.

Unpacking the Plan for the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area: A Mechanism for Reform

The newly released “Outline Development Plan for the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA)” shows that the roles of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao GBA have gone beyond its original emphasis on regional economic development and now serves higher purposes in fostering the ongoing process of deepening reforms in China, and in meeting the challenges in the Chinese-led “Belt and Road Initiative”. Whereas earlier policy on cross-border collaborations and the previous literature often emphasize “harmonization” and “integration” of the diverse institutions and practices of the constituent cities into one economy, this paper suggests an alternative perspective highlighting the utility of institutional contradictions and diversity contained in the “one country, two system” framework within the GBA. Leveraging the advantages of its more internationalized special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macao, the GBA plan would not only benefit this coastal megalopolis, but also stimulate a dynamic mechanism of reform in the whole country.

The Salience of “Hegemonic Masculinity”

This article argues that the concept of “hegemonic masculinity” remains highly salient to critical masculinities studies. The author outlines Raewyn Connell's initial formulation of the concept, how that initial model of hegemonic masculinity has been historically misinterpreted, the reformulation of the concept by Connell and Messerschmidt, and the recent scholarly amplification of the concept. The author concludes that Connell’s original emphasis on the legitimation of unequal gender relations remains essential to both the concept and to the field of critical masculinities studies.

THE HORTATIVE AORIST

The final section on the aorist indicative in Goodwin'sMoods and Tensesidentifies the following usage: ‘In questions with τί οὐ [‘why not’], expressing surprise that something is not already done, and implying an exhortation to do it’. Other scholars identify urgency or impatience in these questions. Albert Rijksbaron writes: ‘Questions with the 1stor 2ndperson of the aorist indicative, introduced by τί οὖν οὐ or τί οὐ, often serve, especially in Plato and Xenophon, asurgent requests[original emphasis] … The aorist indicative is more emphatic than the present: the speaker observes that a state of affairs which he apparently wants to occur has, in fact, not occurred, and he asks his interlocutor why it has not.’ Kühner and Gerth explain it as follows: ‘Der Redende wünscht in seiner Ungeduld gewissermassen die begehrte Handlung als eine schon geschehene zu sehen’ (‘the speaker impatiently wants, as it were, to see the desired action as one that has already been done’). They contrast allegedly less urgent examples in the present (‘der Ton der Frage ist alsdann ruhiger’, ‘the tone of the question is thereby milder’). These scholars stress the pastness of the aorist tense in communicating urgency and impatience: ‘Why have you not …?’. This remains the dominant view, regularly repeated in commentaries.

Opposition of community citizenship against the policy of the village's leader

The process of industrialization, reformation, and globalization has led to the changes in people's lives such as livelihoods, lifestyle, and also the character of the Balinese themselves. Livelihoods that initially agriculture shifted to the tourism industry, productive lifestyles became consumptive and the way people's lives changed from collectivism to individualism and materialism. Changes of Balinese characters from previous hospitality and courteous, today tend to be violent and conflicted. Traditional institutions such as Desa Adat are social-religious and proud because they are capable of functioning to protect their citizens. However, Adat Village, which is a respected institution today, is often the arena of conflict to fight for various interests, so that quiet and peaceful life is no longer the case. The process of change and the emergence of conflicts in the development of indigenous villages in Bali often occurs in the areas of Adat Perasi Village. In the field of livelihood, Perasi traditional villagers who originally lived from agriculture and fishermen, have now changed because of a shift in the livelihoods of life. Its citizens are no longer just depend on agriculture and fishing, but rather have been leading to services especially the tourism industry. This shift must have caused a change in the view of people's lives from the original emphasis on togetherness because the collectivity of citizens turn into commercialism (materialism) that leads to individuality.

Opposition of Community Citizenship Against the Policy of the Village's Leader

The process of industrialization, reformation and globalization has led to the changes in people's lives such as livelihoods, lifestyle and also the character of the Balinese themselves. Livelihoods that initially agriculture shifted to the tourism industry, productive lifestyles became consumptive and the way people's life changed from collectivism to individualism and materialism. Changes of Balinese characters from previous hospitality and courteous, today tend to be violent and conflicted. Traditional institutions such as Desa Adat are social-religious and proud because they are capable of functioning to protect their citizens. However, Adat Village, which is a respected institution today, is often the arena of conflict to fight for various interests, so that quiet and peaceful life is no longer the case. The process of change and the emergence of conflicts in the development of indigenous villages in Bali often occurs in the areas of Adat Perasi Village. In the field of livelihood, Perasi traditional villagers who originally lived from agriculture and fishermen, have now changed because of a shift in livelihoods of life. Its citizens are no longer just depend on agriculture and fishing, but rather have been leading to services especially the tourism industry. This shift must have caused a change in the view of people's lives from the original emphasis on togetherness because the collectivity of citizens turn into commercialism (materialism) that leads to individuality. This is evident from the attitude of indigenous villagers that the land is willing to be contracted by investors, with the lure of getting a lot of money easily handed it. Including customary land (ulayat) called "temple profit" with easy land for rent, even with floating and potentially land status including the land of temple profit is lost or seized by the bank. Some of the people who did not give up the Land of Profit Pura rented by investors with the uncertainty of the boundary of the contract led to the emergence of conflicts that lead to some citizens who reject the land of investment contracted investor. This paper aims to find and identify the process of citizen resistance against Indigenous leaders' policies related to land pretext issues and the excesses caused by the resistance. To achieve these targets,this paper used the theory of deconstruction, social practices (bourdieu), hegomony, the theory of communicative action and the theory of discourse of power and knowledge

FROM ECLIPSE OF REASON TO THE AGE OF REASONS? HISTORICIZING HABERMAS AND THE FRANKFURT SCHOOL

Two new works historicize the human faculty of reason. The first, a biography of Jürgen Habermas, traces the evolution of his postmetaphysical theory of reason from its origins to its most recent iterations. The second offers a far broader genealogy of the concept of reason in modern thought, especially in Kant, Hegel, Marx, and the Frankfurt school. Both depict Habermas as one of the most important protagonists in contemporary philosophy, but offer differing accounts of his place in the history of the “Frankfurt school.” The two also contextualize Habermas very differently. While Müller-Doohm locates Habermas firmly within a postwar German, European, and to a lesser extent transatlantic frame, Jay opts for the longue durée of German Idealist thought and its critics from Kant to the first generation of the Frankfurt school. Both help us assess the merits of the procedural rationality that Habermas considers the only valid conception of reason available to us as moderns—Müller-Doohm by sketching its many facets and spheres of application, Jay by scrutinizing the arguments for and against Habermas's account of reason. As Jay puts it, it is fair to say that a paradigm shift has occurred in our appreciation of the stakes involved in defending reason as a ground of critique against those who have reduced it to a tool in the service of some deeper purpose . . . put in a nutshell, it might be said—or at least plausibly hoped—that both the Enlightenment's Age of Reason and the Counter-Enlightenment's Age of Reason's Other have been left behind, and in their place is dawning a new Age of Reasons” (148, original emphasis).

Recent Advances in the Archaeology of the Greater Antilles

This chapter synthesizes the different lines of information on pan-regional interactions in the Caribbean discussed in the previous twelve sections of the book. The author highlights the fact that Caribbean archaeology has experienced an important shift in perspective, from its original emphasis on culture history to an “interaction paradigm” This shifting trend has underlined the limitations that previous normalized notions about the lifeways and identities of the ancient inhabitants of the Antilles have presented for understanding what was a highly diverse and complex social and cultural seascape where multi-vectorial and multi-scalar interactions took place through time between the inhabitants of the islands and with those that occupied the surrounding Caribbean mainlands. These interactions resulted in the “cultural mosaic” that has existed in the islands since their initial occupations up to the present. The final chapter thus offers a broader meaning and contextualization to the new data in order to firmly embed them into current dialogues within Caribbean archaeology, focusing on the issues of origins, lifeways, and identities. The author provides a wide regional perspective as the framework for understanding the importance and implications of new evidence and conceptual models presented in the preceding chapters.