Assessment of the convergence angle of teeth prepared for full crown by preclinical dental students

The objective of this study was to measure the buccolingual and mesiodistal convergence angles of six typodont teeth (# 26, 36, 45, 15, 21, and 13), prepared by preclinical dental students at Ajman University, for porcelain fused to a metal full crown and to compare them with the recommended convergence angle (6.5°). Additionally, we sought to compare the angles recorded for the six sets of teeth and relate the results according to the tooth position and surface and to know which one shows the greater tendency of straying from the normal convergence angle. Materials and methods: The angle of convergence of one hundred ninety-eight typodont teeth preparations was measured both buccolingually and mesiodistally by using a Dino-lite pro digital microscope (AM-413ZT Taiwan) with a Dinocapture (2.0 version 1.5.27.A, AnMo Electronics Corporation). All the results were recorded, and the data were analyzed by means of a one-sample t-test and one-way ANOVA. Results: The mean total convergence angle for this study was 11.29°± 6.66° from both surfaces, which is greater than the recommended value of 6.5° and statistically significant (p<0.000). Only 7.07% of teeth met the ideal convergence angle from both surfaces, and the one-sample test showed a statistically significant difference (p<0.057) from the recommended convergence angle, except for the mesiodistal convergence angle of the lower-right second premolar, which revealed no significant difference. The mean convergence angle for the buccolingual surface was 12.42°± 6.16°, which was higher than that of the mesiodistal surface (10.16°± 7°). One-way ANOVA showed a significant difference between all selected teeth (p<0.000), and a paired samples t-test showed a significant difference within two teeth only, the lower-right second premolar and upper-right canine (p<0.000), in which the mesiodistal measurement showed a lower convergence angle than the buccolingual angle. Conclusions: Preclinical students prepared teeth with a convergence angle higher than the recommended convergence angle. However, all the recorded angles were within the range of previous studies. It was concluded that the recommended convergence angle was difficult to achieve in preclinical practice.

Analysis of Sewage Treatment Plant at Rai, Sonipat Haryana

Almost 80% of the raw water converted into the wastewater. Wastewater treatment of Municipal waste is the way toward eliminating pollutants from civil wastewater, containing fundamentally family unit sewage including some waste from industries. This research evaluates the performance efficiency of Wastewater Treatment Plant operating on extended aeration process with the average inflow of 7.5 MLD. Fundamentally different wastewater boundaries like pH, TSS, BOD, COD and so forth are inspected at the inlet, outlet and different various destinations of treatment plant. Investigation of quality of water of this plant is a basic as the vast majority of the treated gushing released into Yamuna waterway staying utilized for water system, watering of parks and greens. The consequences of these assessments likewise decide if the emanating released into the water body are under cut-off points given by CPCB. Wastewater tests were gathered at various phases of treatment units and investigated for the significant waste water quality boundaries, for example, BOD, COD, TSS and biodegradability. The normal convergence of boundaries at bay inspecting site pH, BOD, COD, Total Suspended solids, are 7.358, 190.58 mg/l, 588 mg/l and 189.4 mg/l respectively. While the normal convergence of these boundaries, after treatment shows following qualities 7.792, 7.58 mg/l, 32.7 mg/l and 7.8mg/l respectively.

Sequence selection properties in Cp (X) with the double ideals

Recently Bukovský, Das and Šupina [Ideal quasi-normal convergence and related notions, Colloq. Math. 146 (2017), 265–281] started the study of sequence selection properties (𝓘, 𝓙-α 1) and (𝓘, 𝓙-α 4) of Cp (X) using the double ideals, where 𝓘 and 𝓙 are the proper admissible ideals of ω, which are motivated by Arkhangeľskii local αi -properties [The frequency spectrum of a topological space and the classification of spaces, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 13 (1972), 1185–1189]. In this paper, we obtain some characterizations of (𝓘, 𝓙-α 1) and (𝓘, 𝓙-α 4) properties of Cp (X) in the terms of covering properties and selection principles. Under certain conditions on ideals 𝓘 and 𝓙, we identify the minimal cardinalities of a space X for which Cp (X) does not have (𝓘, 𝓙-α 1) and (𝓘, 𝓙-α 4) properties.

Seismotectonics of central and NW Himalaya: plate boundary–wedge thrust earthquakes in thin- and thick-skinned tectonic framework

The tectonic framework of NW Himalaya is different from that of the central Himalaya with respect to the position of the Main Central Thrust and Higher Himalayan Crystalline and the Lesser and Sub Himalayan structures. The former is characterized by thick-skinned tectonics, whereas the thin-skinned model explains the tectonic evolution of the central Himalaya. The boundary between the two segments of Himalaya is recognized along the Ropar–Manali lineament fault zone. The normal convergence rate within the Himalaya decreases from c. 18 mm a−1 in the central to c. 15 mm a−1 in the NW segments. In the last 800 years of historical accounts of large earthquakes of magnitude Mw ≥ 7, there are seven earthquakes clustered in the central Himalaya, whereas three reported earthquakes are widely separated in the NW Himalaya. The earthquakes in central Himalaya are inferred as occurring over the plate boundary fault, the Main Himalayan Thrust. The wedge thrust earthquakes in NW Himalaya originate over the faults on the hanging wall of the Main Himalayan Thrust. Palaeoseismic evidence recorded on the Himalayan front suggests the occurrence of giant earthquakes in the central Himalaya. The lack of such an event reported in the NW Himalaya may be due to oblique convergence.