Low Cost Automated Hammering Machine

This Project focus on cad modeling, design, and fabrication of the automatic hammering machine. Our primary goal for this is to design is to eliminate man power and utilize electrical energy for automatic hammering machine. Besides, we tend to obtain the maximum torque by minimizing the r.p.m. of gear which a result it can also control the impact velocity for hammering torque force as per required design of gear and r.p.m., In our project, we are using torque force to perform various manufacturing operations in industries like riveting, upset forging, punching, etc. Also, the time required for operation is less so it is useful in mass production. In this project, we have devised a solid model of project assembly by using Solid works Software. The model consists of a motor, shaft, hammer, spring, pulley, mechanical counter. From this, we erect a conceptual model of an automatic hammering machine. As this s operation is repetitive much more human effort is required which drains energy as well as time. By keeping in mind these parameters, a worker can use this machine to increase productivity. Moreover, if a handicapped person if willing to perform such operation can perform this operation with ease. It is simple in construction and compact in design highly qualified workers are not required. There are various benefits that when industry views while using automated systems. These benefits can be very helpful in the long period. It can be the best and long-lasting product.

Biomimicking properties of cellulose nanofiber under ethanol/water mixture

The two types of cellulose nanofiber (CNF) surface characteristics were evaluated by oil contact angle under ethanol–water solution at several concentrations as well as in air. Wood pulp-based 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxylradical (TEMPO)-oxidized cellulose nanofiber (TOCNF) sheets and bamboo-derived mechanical counter collision cellulose nanofiber (ACC-CNF) sheets were fabricated by casting followed by drying. The CNF shows underwater superoleophobic mimicking fish skin properties and slippery surface mimicking Nepenthes pitcher. The underwater superoleophobic properties of CNF was evaluated theoretically and experimentally. The theoretical calculation and experimental results of contact angle showed a large deviation. The roughness, zeta potential, and water absorption at different concentrations were key factors that determine the deviation. Antifouling investigation revealed that CNF was a good candidate for antifouling material.

A First-Order Design Requirement to Prevent Edema in Mechanical Counter-Pressure Space Suit Garments

ABSTRACTIntroductionMechanical counter-pressure (MCP) space suits may provide enhanced mobility relative to gas-pressure space suits. One challenge to realizing operational MCP suits is the potential for edema caused by spatial variations in the applied body-surface pressure (dP). We determined a first-order requirement for these variations.MethodsDarcy’s law relates volume flux, of fluid from capillaries to the interstitial space, to transmural hydraulic and osmotic pressure differences. Albumin and fibrinogen levels determine, to first order, the capillary oncotic pressure (COP). We estimated dP, neglecting hydrostatic pressure differences, by equating the volume flux under MCP and under normal with the volume flux under abnormal variations in COP; then we compared these estimates to results from MCP garment studies.ResultsNormal COP varies from 20-32 mm Hg; with constant hydraulic conductivity, dP≈12 mm Hg. In nephrotic syndrome, COP may drop to 11 mm Hg, yielding dP≈15 mm Hg relative to mid-normal COP. Previous studies found dPmax =151 mm Hg (MCP glove; finger and hand dorsum relative to palm), dPmax=51 mm Hg (MCP arm; finger, hand dorsum, and wrist relative to arm), and dP=52, 90 and 239 mm Hg (three MCP lower leg garments).ConclusionsMCP garments with dPmax≤12 mm Hg are unlikely to produce edema or restrict capillary blood flow; however, garments with dPmax>12 mm Hg will not necessarily produce edema. For example, the hydrostatic pressure gradient at the feet in 1g can range from 70-90 mm Hg. Current garment prototypes do not meet our conservative design requirement.