Keragaman vektor Plasmodium knowlesi

Plasmodium knowlesi was the fifth Plasmodium which can infect malaria into human. Even though it has already been identified since 1931, the first case of natural human infection was known in 1965. Knowlesi malaria spread among South East Asia where population of monkeys Macaca fascicularis, M. nemestrina, or Presbytis melalophos existed along with malaria vector Anopheles from leucosphyrus group. This review aimed to describe the diversity of P. knowlesi vector. We have done profound literature review on 6 articles from 219 articles related to P. knowlesi published within 2008 to 2015. Our study found that P. knowlesi was recorded only in two countries; Malaysia and Vietnam. In Malaysia, Anopheles cracens, An. introlatus, An. latens, and An. balabacensis were found in Kuala Kapis Pahang, Hulu Selangor, Kapit Serawak, and Kudat Sabah, respectively. While in Vietnam, only a single species An. dirus found to be P. knowlesi vector. This review conclude that positive leucosphyrus mosquitoes most likely to be different among different region. The more abundance, the higher chance of mosquito species to become vector.

Mitigation of Simpai (Presbitys melalophos) Disturbance on Agroforestry in Protection Forest Register 25 Pematang Tanggang, Kelumbayan, Tanggamus

One of the contents within the Government Regulation Number 6 Year 2007 is regulating permissions on how communities can sustainably utilize forest land exclude in protection blocks, for instance agroforestry. Disturbance by wildlife as simpai (Presbytis melalophos) is occurred in an agroforestry land located in the Protection Forest Register 25 Pematang Tanggang, Kelumbayan Tanggamus. The underlying repercussions from the disturbance particularly because agroforestry systems that managed by cummunities contains food sources of simpai such as juvenile leaves and fruits. The aims of this study were to analyze the intensity of disturbance based on activity range, type of crop, time of simpai activities and analyze the mitigation effort. Field observation and interview with communities were used as the research method. The results showed that the highest disturbance of simpai based on the activity range is on agroforestry area where feed resources are quite abundant. The type of plants that disturbed was mostly consisting of banana and cocoa. In addition, the intensity of encounter time predominantly at 5:00 to 7:45 am. Simpai was rarely seen in the afternoon and could be found again at 04:00 to 05:30 pm. The lack of the community knowledge on the conservation status of the wildlife has caused the practices of environmentally-aggressive control of simpai such as by trapping and even shooting. A more environmentally-friendly mitigation effort was performed through the protection of crop, for example by covering fruits before harvesting. Key words: agroforestry, Presbytis melalophos, mitigation, simpai.

Ukuran Kelompok Simpai (Presbytis Melalophos) Di Hutan Desa Cugung Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan Lindung Model Gunung Rajabasa Lampung Selatan

Cugung forest managed by Protection Forest Management Unit Model (KPHL) of Rajabasa Mountain, its a natural habitat for simpai (Presbytis melalophos). Its size and structure are not known. Research was done to observe its group size and population structure in Cugung forest using concentration count method. Group size was 11 individuals, with 4 reproductive age and 5 young individuals and 2 infants. Sexual ratio is 1:2.Key word: simpai, group size, a cugung forest