Adolescentes con alteraciones graves de conducta. ¿Cómo se interviene a nivel educativo en los Institutos de Enseñanza Secundaria?//Adolescents with serious behaviour disorders. How is it involved in High Schools?

RESUMENLa mayoría de las investigaciones sobre alteraciones graves de conducta (AGC) y conflictividad escolar que se han producido en nuestro país se centran en la violencia entre iguales y los escenarios en los que se produce. En este trabajo se estudia cómo se está interviniendo con el alumnado que presenta AGC en los Institutos públicos de Enseñanza Secundaria Obligatoria (IES) de Castilla-La Mancha (España) y se observa si los datos obtenidos siguen los criterios básicos de prevención que aporta el Estudio Estatal sobre la Convivencia Escolar en Educación Secundaria (Díaz-Aguado, 2010). Se lleva a cabo un estudio descriptivo transversal, con la población de orientadores (N=217) de los IES de la región. Se administra un cuestionario elaborado ad hoc, através de una metodología de validación inter-jueces, con el objetivo de dar respuesta a las preguntas de investigación a través de 6 categorías; proceso de incorporación y familia, conocimiento del alumnado, respuesta educativa individual, respuesta educativa del centro, servicios externos y valoración global. Los resultados indican que hay tres elementos clave a destacar: la necesidad de protocolos de las actividades e intervenciones educativas a realizar en el centro educativo y con estos alumnos, la formación del profesorado y la mayor coordinación con Salud Mental y Servicios Sociales. Los datos determinan que la intervención que se desarrolla en el momento actual es insuficiente y debería ser revisada para dar una respuesta más específica a las necesidades del alumnado con AGC para una mejora de su desarrollo integral y de la convivencia escolar.ABSTRACT Most of the research on severe behavioral disorders (SBD) and school conflicts carried out in our country has focused on peer violence and the scenarios in which it occurs. The aims of the present research are to study the ways in which students who show SBD in high schools of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain) are being dealt with and to check if the obtained results comply the basic prevention criteria provided by the State Study on School Coexistence in Secondary Education (Díaz-Aguado, 2010). A transversal descriptive study is carried out. The participants are the population of educational counselors (N=217) of the high school of the region. An ad hoc questionnaire of interjudge reliability is provided with the aim of responding to research question through 6 categories: process of incorporation into the family, student’s knowledge, individual educational response, educational center response, external services and global assessment. The results indicate that there are three key elements to be highlighted: the need for protocols of educational activities and interventions to be carried out in the educational center and with those students, the lack of teacher training and to improve the coordination with Mental Health and the Social Services. The results determine that the interventions that are currently being carried out are insufficient and should be revised in order to be efficient. This way, a more specific response could be given to the needs of the students with SBD to improve their integral development and the school coexistence

A Multidimensional Theory of Suicide

Background: Theory is the foundation of science; this is true in suicidology. Over decades of studies of suicide notes, Leenaars developed a multidimensional model of suicide, with international (crosscultural) studies and independent verification. Aim: To corroborate Leenaars's theory with a psychological autopsy (PA) study, examining age and sex of the decedent, and survivor's relationship to deceased. Method: A PA study in Norway, with 120 survivors/informants was undertaken. Leenaars' theoretical–conceptual (protocol) analysis was undertaken of the survivors' narratives and in-depth interviews combined. Results: Substantial interjudge reliability was noted (κ = .632). Overall, there was considerable confirmatory evidence of Leenaars's intrapsychic and interpersonal factors in suicide survivors' narratives. Differences were found in the age of the decedent, but not in sex, nor in the survivor's closeness of the relationship. Older deceased people were perceived to exhibit more heightened unbearable intrapsychic pain, associated with the suicide. Conclusion: Leenaars's theory has corroborative verification, through the decedents' suicide notes and the survivors' narratives. However, the multidimensional model needs further testing to develop a better evidence-based way of understanding suicide.

Intrajudge and Interjudge Reliability of the Stuttering Severity Instrument–Fourth Edition

Purpose The Stuttering Severity Instrument (SSI) is a tool used to measure the severity of stuttering. Previous versions of the instrument have known limitations (e.g., Lewis, 1995). The present study examined the intra- and interjudge reliability of the newest version, the Stuttering Severity Instrument–Fourth Edition (SSI-4) (Riley, 2009). Method Twelve judges who were trained on the SSI-4 protocol participated. Judges collected SSI-4 data while viewing 4 videos of adults who stutter at Time 1 and 4 weeks later at Time 2. Data were analyzed for intra- and interjudge reliability of the SSI-4 subscores (for Frequency, Duration, and Physical Concomitants), total score, and final severity rating. Results Intra- and interjudge reliability across the subscores and total score concurred with the manual's reported reliability when reliability was calculated using the methods described in the manual. New calculations of judge agreement produced different values from those in the manual—for the 3 subscores, total score, and final severity rating—and provided data absent from the manual. Conclusions Clinicians and researchers who use the SSI-4 should carefully consider the limitations of the instrument. Investigation into the multitasking demands of the instrument may provide information on whether separating the collection of data for specific variables will improve intra- and interjudge reliability of those variables.

The Evaluation of Vocal Pitch Accuracy

The objective analysis of Western operatic singing voices indicates that professional singers can be particularly “out of tune.” This study aims to better understand the evaluation of operatic voices, which have particularly complex acoustical signals. Twenty-two music experts were asked to evaluate the vocal pitch accuracy of 14 sung performances with a pairwise comparison paradigm, in a test and a retest. In addition to the objective measurement of pitch accuracy (pitch interval deviation), several performance parameters (average tempo, fundamental frequency of the starting note) and quality parameters (energy distribution, vibrato rate and extent) were observed and compared to the judges’ perceptual rating. The results show high intra and interjudge reliability when rating the pitch accuracy of operatic singing voices. Surprisingly, all the parameters were significantly related to the ratings and explain 78.8% of the variability of the judges’ rating. The pitch accuracy evaluation of operatic voices is thus not based exclusively on the precision of performed music intervals but on a complex combination of performance and quality parameters.

Absolute and Relative Reliability of Percentage of Syllables Stuttered and Severity Rating Scales

PurposePercentage of syllables stuttered (%SS) and severity rating (SR) scales are measures in common use to quantify stuttering severity and its changes during basic and clinical research conditions. However, their reliability has not been assessed with indices measuring both relative and absolute reliability. This study was designed to provide such information. Relative reliability deals with the rank order of participants in a sample, whereas absolute reliability measures the closeness of scores to one other and to a hypothetical true score.MethodEighty-seven adult participants who stutter received a 10-min unscheduled telephone call. Three experienced judges measured %SS and also used a 9-point SR scale to measure stuttering severity from recordings of the telephone calls.ResultsRelative intrajudge and interjudge reliability were satisfactory for both scales. However, absolute intrajudge and interjudge reliability were not satisfactory. Results showed that paired-judge SR and %SS procedures improved absolute reliability compared with single-judge measures. Additionally, the paired-judge procedure improved relative reliability from high to very high levels.ConclusionMeasurement of group changes of stuttering severity can be done in research contexts using either %SS or SR. However, for detecting changes within individuals using such measures, a paired-judge procedure is a more reliable method.

Analyzing Expressive Qualities in Movement and Stillness: Effort-Shape Analyses of Solo Marimbists' Bodily Expression

laban movement analysis, specifically effort-shape analysis, is offered as a system to study musicians' bodily expression. It proposes others' intentions are manifest in expressive bodily activity and understood through shared embodied processes. The present investigation evaluates whether the basic components of Laban analysis are reflected in perceptual judgments of recorded performances and, specifically, evaluates interjudge reliability for effort-shape analysis. Sixteen audio-visual excerpts of marimba pieces performed by two professional solo marimbists' (female and male) served as stimuli. Effort-shape analyses and interjudge reliability thereof were assessed through three different tasks: 1) verification task, 2) independent analysis task, 3) signal detection yes/no task. Professional musicians — two percussionists, a violinist, and a French hornist — acted as participants. High interjudge reliability was observed for transformation drive and shape components, but less so for basic effort action components. Mixed interjudge reliability results for basic effort actions, and differences between frequency observations, point to differences in participant's embodied expertise, task implementation, and training issues. Effort-shape analysis has potential to drive comparative and predictive research into musicians' bodily expression. Effort-shape provides a fine-grain temporal analysis of ecologically valid performance sequences.