Subculture of convicted as from criminal subculture: cultural and historical aspect

The purpose of the article is to distinguish the subculture of convicts and criminal subcultures as a known concept Methodology. The basis of this study is a theoretical analysis, synthesis, generalization, systematization of available scientific literature on the subject. Results. The theoretical analysis of scientific works on the basis of an interdisciplinary approach helped to distinguish the subculture of convicts and the criminal subculture in the context of their manifestations in the public consciousness. It is determined that the subculture of convicts develops on the basis of the criminal subculture, which performs a regulatory function in relation to convicts. The criteria of delimitation of subcultures are singled out, which gives each of them a separate place in the general continuum and concerns: attitude to social and legislative norms, places of formation and forms of manifestation, peculiarities of communication and self-presentations. It is proved that a clear distinction between the convicted subculture and the criminal subculture will provide a basis for the rehabilitation of convicts and the effectiveness of the penitentiary service in prison conditions. It was established that the subculture of convicts is a structural element of the criminal subculture with its own system of norms, values, traditions, customs that regulate the behavior of convicts in the informal structure of penitentiaries. Its emergence and existence in places of imprisonment causes a compensatory psychological reaction with a forced desire to adapt, ensure their safety, assert themselves in a community of their own kind, where inevitably formed a system of values, concepts, customs, regulating relations between individuals isolated from society. Practical implications. The subculture of convicts is created and manifested in places of imprisonment, is characterized by the preservation of norms, values, traditions, customs of the criminal subculture, provides for the formation of adaptive mechanisms for places of imprisonment with subsequent inclusion in the rehabilitation process. Value (originality). The clarity of the distinction between the subculture of convicts and the criminal subculture will create the basis for the deployment of prison rehabilitation processes and increase the efficiency of the penitentiary service. Key words: subculture (criminal, prison, convicts), penitentiary institutions, norms of behavior regulation.

Multiscale modeling and simulation of magneto-active elastomers based on experimental data

In this contribution, we present a framework for the multiscale modeling and simulation of magneto-active elastomers (MAEs). It enables us to consider these materials on the microscopic scale, where the heterogeneous microstructure consisting of magnetizable particles and elastomer matrix is explicitly resolved, as well as the macroscopic scale, where the MAE is considered to be a homogeneous magneto-active body. On both scales, a general continuum formulation of the coupled magneto-mechanical boundary value problem is applied and the finite element method is used to solve the governing equations. Starting with an experimental characterization of the individual constituents, i.e. particles and matrix, microscopic constitutive models for both are formulated and adjusted to the experimental data separately. With that, properties of MAEs resulting from the microscopic constitutive behavior can be captured within the presented modeling approach. Secondly, to discuss general macroscopic properties of magnetically soft and hard MAEs, a computational homogenization scheme is used to calculate the composites’ effective behavior for different geometrical arrangements of the particles on the microscale. Finally, the calculated effective response of a magnetically soft composite system is used to identify the parameters of a macroscopic magneto-elastic model. Using the calibrated model, the behavior of macroscopic MAEs is simulated for different sample geometries.

In-plane nonlinear postbuckling analysis of circular arches using absolute nodal coordinate formulation with arc-length method

In this study, Absolute Nodal Coordinate Formulation (ANCF) in conjunction with Crisfield’s arc-length method is utilized in order to predict the nonlinear postbuckling behaviour of circular arches. The whole primary equilibrium path in load-displacement space of circular arches under central concentrated load is obtained. Three ANCF based approaches, i.e., the conventional two-dimensional fully parameterized shear deformable ANCF beam element based on the General Continuum Mechanics (GCM) approach, the same element modified by the Strain Split Method (SSM) approach and the ANCF planar Higher Order Beam Element (HOBE) with GCM approach are used. Circular arches with various geometric configurations and boundary conditions such as clamped-clamped, hinged-hinged, clamped-hinged and three-hinged arches are studied which exhibit nonlinear response in the form of snap-through, snap-back and looping phenomenon. The obtained results are compared with the analytical solutions, experimental result (where available in the literature) and numerical approximations (by using the commercially available FEM package). In this paper, the recently proposed ANCF based approaches are successfully implemented which validate and verify the utility of ANCF in nonlinear postbuckling analysis. The characteristics of the three approaches with regard to the adoptability of arc-length method are compared and discussed.

Convergence Characteristics of Geometrically Accurate Spatial Finite Elements

The convergence characteristics of three geometrically accurate spatial finite elements (FEs) are examined in this study using an eigenvalue analysis. The spatial beam, plate, and solid elements considered in this investigation are suited for both structural and multibody system (MBS) applications. These spatial elements are based on geometry derived from the kinematic description of the absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF). In order to allow for an accurate reference-configuration geometry description, the element shape functions are formulated using constant geometry coefficients defined using the position-vector gradients in the reference configuration. The change in the position-vector gradients is used to define a velocity transformation matrix that leads to constant element inertia and stiffness matrices in the case of infinitesimal rotations. In contrast to conventional structural finite elements, the elements considered in this study can be used to describe the initial geometry with the same degree of accuracy as B-spline and nonuniform rational B-spline (NURBS) representations, widely used in the computer-aided design (CAD). An eigenvalue analysis is performed to evaluate the element convergence characteristics in the case of different geometries, including straight, tapered, and curved configurations. The frequencies obtained are compared with those obtained using a commercial FE software and analytical solutions. The stiffness matrix is obtained using both the general continuum mechanics (GCM) approach and the newly proposed strain split method (SSM) in order to investigate its effectiveness as a locking alleviation technique.

General continuum model for twisted bilayer graphene and arbitrary smooth deformations

We present a simple derivation of a continuum Hamiltonian for bilayer graphene with an arbitrary smooth lattice deformation – technically in a fashion parametrized by displacement fields with small gradients. We show that this subsumes the continuum model of Bistritzer and Macdonald for twisted bilayer graphene as well as many generalizations and extensions of it. The derivation is carried out entirely in real space.

A new paradigm for fatigue analysis - evolution equation based continuum approach

A very general continuum based approach to model both low- and high cycle fatiguebehaviour is described. The approach allows for both isotropic and anisotropic properties undervery general random multiaxial loading histories.

Quantum walking in curved spacetime: (3+1) dimensions, and beyond

A discrete-time Quantum Walk (QW) is essentially an operator driving the evolution of a single particle on the lattice, through local unitaries. Some QWs admit a continuum limit, leading to familiar PDEs (e.g. the Dirac equation). Recently it was discovered that prior grouping and encoding allows for more general continuum limit equations (e.g. the Dirac equation in (1+ 1) curved spacetime). In this paper, we extend these results to arbitrary space dimension and internal degree of freedom. We recover an entire class of PDEs encompassing the massive Dirac equation in (3 + 1) curved spacetime. This means that the metric field can be represented by a field of local unitaries over a lattice.