Influence of surface relaxation on the contrast of threading edge dislocations in synchrotron X-ray topographs under the condition of g · b = 0 and g · b × l = 0

Residual contrast of threading edge dislocations is observed in synchrotron back-reflection X-ray topographs of 4H-SiC epitaxial wafers recorded using basal plane reflections where both g · b = 0 and g · b × l = 0. The ray-tracing simulation method based on the orientation contrast formation mechanism is applied to simulate images of such dislocations by applying surface relaxation effects. The simulated contrast features match the observed features on X-ray topographs, clearly demonstrating that the contrast is dominated by surface relaxation. Depth profiling indicates that the surface relaxation primarily takes place within a depth of 5 µm below the surface.

Derivation of Apparent Diffusion Coefficient based on Time Variation of the Relaxation Mass Depths of Cs-137 in Soil Contaminated by the Fukushima NPP Accident

ABSTRACTThe accident at the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant occurred following the Great East Japan Earthquake on March 11, 2011, and led to the release of volatile radionuclides, which were deposited on the environment in the Fukushima prefecture and the neighbouring areas. After the short-lived I-131, radiocaesium such as Cs-134 and Cs-137 have controlled radiation dose rate. The authors derived the apparent diffusion coefficients (Da) of some radionuclides such as Cs-134 and Cs-137 based on time variation of the depth distributions of respective radionuclides in soil obtained in field investigations in earlier studies. Almost all Da-values were of order 10-14 (m2·s−1) and well consistent with distribution coefficients (Kd) obtained from batch experiments. Whilst, field investigations for the relaxation mass depths of Cs-137 in soil by a scraper plate method were conducted at totally 85 locations over a period of nearly 6 years from December 2011 in the Fukushima prefecture and the neighbouring prefectures, and time variation of the effective relaxation mass depths was recently reported. Consequently, the effective relaxation mass depths of Cs-137 showed a tendency to linearly increase with increasing time. This indicates that radiocaesium gradually moves to the deeper part of soil with time. In this study, Da based on Fick’s diffusion equation was derived based on time variation of the effective relaxation mass depths of Cs-137 in soil. In order to calculate the Da based on Fick’s law, correlation between relaxation depth and square root of elapsed time was derived from the correlation between effective relaxation mass depth and elapsed time (where, relaxation depth is defined as the depth of 1/e of radionuclide concentration at the ground surface and can calculate by relaxation mass depth/soil density). The calculated Da of Cs-137 was of order 10-12 (m2·s−1) , which was about 2 orders of magnitude higher than Da-values that the authors previously reported as described above. Considering that almost all relaxation depths of Cs-137 were shallow within 2cm in depth from the ground surface and near the surface layer of soil is unsaturated, it is considered that Da estimated in this analysis includes the effect of dispersion by advection (by flow in the vertical direction of rainwater).