Omega vs. pi, and 6d anomaly cancellation

In this note we review the role of homotopy groups in determining non-perturbative (henceforth ‘global’) gauge anomalies, in light of recent progress understanding global anomalies using bordism. We explain why non-vanishing of πd(G) is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for there being a possible global anomaly in a d-dimensional chiral gauge theory with gauge group G. To showcase the failure of sufficiency, we revisit ‘global anomalies’ that have been previously studied in 6d gauge theories with G = SU(2), SU(3), or G2. Even though π6(G) ≠ 0, the bordism groups $$ {\Omega}_7^{\mathrm{Spin}}(BG) $$ Ω 7 Spin BG vanish in all three cases, implying there are no global anomalies. In the case of G = SU(2) we carefully scrutinize the role of homotopy, and explain why any 7-dimensional mapping torus must be trivial from the bordism perspective. In all these 6d examples, the conditions previously thought to be necessary for global anomaly cancellation are in fact necessary conditions for the local anomalies to vanish.

Fire and grazing determined grasslands of central Madagascar represent ancient assemblages

The ecology of Madagascar's grasslands is under-investigated and the dearth of ecological understanding of how disturbance by fire and grazing shapes these grasslands stems from a perception that disturbance shaped Malagasy grasslands only after human arrival. However, worldwide, fire and grazing shape tropical grasslands over ecological and evolutionary timescales, and it is curious Madagascar should be a global anomaly. We examined the functional and community ecology of Madagascar's grasslands across 71 communities in the Central Highlands. Combining multivariate abundance models of community composition and clustering of grass functional traits, we identified distinct grass assemblages each shaped by fire or grazing. The fire-maintained assemblage is primarily composed of tall caespitose species with narrow leaves and low bulk density. By contrast, the grazer-maintained assemblage is characterized by mat-forming, high bulk density grasses with wide leaves. Within each assemblage, levels of endemism, diversity and grass ages support these as ancient assemblages. Grazer-dependent grasses can only have co-evolved with a now-extinct megafauna. Ironically, the human introduction of cattle probably introduced a megafaunal substitute facilitating modern day persistence of a grazer-maintained grass assemblage in an otherwise defaunated landscape, where these landscapes now support the livelihoods of millions of people.

Prediction of Breast Cancer by Segmenting the Image from Mammography using Neural Network Classifier

An automated identification system to enable early identification of breast cancer which is one of the most familiartypes of cancer amidst females which is identified using a diagnostic technique called mammography. This identification ideologybanks on multiple instance learning (MIL) paradigms which demonstrate an aid in therapeutical assistance. Within the projected framework, breasts area unit is first divided adaptively into regions. The GLCM options are extracted from wavelet sub bands. A classification of diagnostic examination procedure as normal or abnormal is revealed from lesions which are masses or small calcifications and the textural options. To arrive at the final results the abovefactors are interpreted from all parts and analysed.In the event of an anomaly found in thereport, the parts that are detected by the machine driven identification will be displayed. Dual evaluation methodology is undertaken to outline this deviation. A neural network has to be trained before utilization; it is done by segmenting the lesions and feeding it to NN. The NN assigns an anomaly index to them and then the combination of local and global anomaly index takes place.

Introduction to open ecosystems: a global anomaly and a local example

This book is about the light side of ecology, the non-forested open ecosystems of the world. More than a quarter of the world’s land area is dominated by open, non-forested ecosystems in climates which can support closed forests. They are particularly common in the tropics, making up grasslands and savannas, but also occur in other climate zones. Open ecosystems have been widely attributed to human deforestation. While deforestation is widespread and increasing in many regions, open ecosystems include ancient vegetation, in species, with traits divergent from closed forests. Using Cape fynbos, the world’s richest temperate flora, as an example, the ideas and explanations for these anomalously low biomass systems are introduced. The aim of this book is explained as introducing a wider readership to the still poorly known biology of open ecosystems on the light side. The structure and content of chapters is outlined.

Predicting Early Reviews for Effective Product Marketing on E-Commerce Websites

The percentage of purchasing products by the user has been increased drastically through web. Users even have the facility of sharing their thoughts about the particular product on web in the form of reviews, blogs, comments etc. Many users read review information given on web to take decisions for buying products. Some users may give the reviews for hyping the sale of the product or to decrease the sale. This may confuse the customers who rely on the reviews to buy a product. So, there is a need to find the honest reviews and remove fake reviews that are added by malicious or fraud user. The proposed system comes up with the solution for this problem. Leading events has been used to find the time interval between the reviews. The proposed system mines the active periods such as leading sessions to accurately locate the hierarchical fraud. These leading sessions can be useful for detecting the local anomaly instead of global anomaly of product reviews. After this to analyze the rating, reviews and hierarchy of the product we examine three facts, they are rating based facts, review based facts and hierarchy facts. In addition, we propose an optimization-based aggregation method to integrate all the facts for fraud detection. The evaluations of this optimization are done on synthetic dataset that are collected. The classified and summarized product review information helps web users to understand review contents easily in a short time.