A conceptual play has not yet been proved through exploration and can only be postulated from geological information. An immature play contains several discoveries, but not enough for discovery process models (described in Chapter 3) to be applied. The amount of data available for evaluating a conceptual play can be highly variable. Therefore, the evaluation methods used are related to the amount and types of data available, some of which are listed in Table 5.1. Detailed descriptions of these methods are beyond the scope of this book. However, an overview of these and other methods will be presented in Chapter 7. This chapter deals with the application of numerical methods to conceptual or immature plays. For immature plays, discoveries can be used to validate the estimates obtained. In this chapter, the Beaverhill Lake play and a play from the East Coast of Canada are examined. A play consists of a number of pools and/or prospects that may or may not contain hydrocarbons. Therefore, associated with each prospect is an exploration risk that measures the probability of a prospect being a pool. Estimating exploration risk in petroleum resource evaluation is important. Methods for quantifying exploration risks are described later. Geological factors that determine the accumulation of hydrocarbons include the presence of closure and of reservoir facies, as well as adequate seal, porosity, timing, source, migration, preservation, and recovery. For a specific play, only a few of these factors are recognized as critical to the amount of final accumulation. Consequently, if a prospect located within a sandstone play, for example, were tested, it might prove unsuccessful for any of the following reasons: lack of closure, unfavorable reservoir facies, lack of adequate source or migration path, and/or absence of cap rock. The frequency of occurrence of a geological factor can be measured from marginal probabilities. For example, if the marginal probability for the presence-of-closure factor is 0.9, there is a 90% chance that prospects drilled will have adequate closure. For a prospect to be a pool, the simultaneous presence of all the geological factors in the prospect is necessary. This requirement leads us to exploration risk analysis.