Towards Paraconsistent Inquiry

In this paper, we discuss Hintikka’s theory of interrogative approach to inquiry with a focus on bracketing. First, we dispute the use of bracketing in the interrogative model of inquiry arguing that bracketing provides an indispensable component of an inquiry. Then, we suggest a formal system based on strategy logic and logic of paradox to describe the epistemic aspects of an inquiry, and obtain a naturally paraconsistent system. We then apply our framework to some cases to illustrate its use.

MOKYMASIS KAIP STRATEGINIS PROCESAS – HINTIKKOS MODELIO PLĖTOTĖ

Šiame straipsnyje mokymasis aiškinamas kaip strateginis procesas. Remiamasi Jaakko Hintikkos mokymosi interogatyviu modeliu, pagal kurį protavimas interpretuojamas kaip strateginis paieškos procesas. Pagal šį modelį visi relevantiški veiksniai atlieka metodologiškai pagrįstą vaidmenį. Mokymosi procesas vyksta laike ir erdvėje: mokymasis yra aktyvi naujo žinojimo paieška. Siekiant geriau suprasti šiuos procesus, reikia juos schemizuoti. Mokymasis kaip aktyvi paieška yra su tikrovės objektais susijęs veikimas. Veikiantysis savąja veikla keičia realybę. Eksperimentavimas turi būti suprantamas kaip metodinis veikimas. Tai leidžia suprasti mokymąsi kaip strateginį procesą: mokinio, kaip ir mokytojo, veiksmai turi būti pagrįsti strategiškai ir metodologiškai.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: Hintikka, strategija, sistemos pokytis, aukštos kokybės mokymasis, stebėjimas, eksperimentavimas.Learning as a Strategic Process: Development of Hintikka’s ModelArto Mutanen SummaryIn this article learning process is studied as a strategic process. In this we have as a background information Jaakko Hintikka’s interrogative model of learning which understand all reasoning as a strategic searching process in which all the relevant factors have methodologically motivated roles. A learning process takes place in space and time: learning is an active search for new knowledge. To get a better understanding the whole framework has to be schematized. Learning as an active search is object related acting in reality. While acting an actor brings about some changes in reality. Experimentation has to be understood as methodical acting. This is a key to understand learning process as a strategic process: actions of learner and teacher have to be motivated strategically or methodologically.Keywords: Hintikka, strategy, system transformation, high quality learning, high quality teaching, observation, and experimentation.">

Formal Methodology

In general terms, methodology is a study of the entire scientific inquiry process: how science arrives at the posited goal. There are different kinds of goals for scientific inquiry. For example, goals may be epistemic (truth), aesthetic (simplicity) or several kinds of pragmatic goals (efficiency, economy, and explanatory power). It is not the concern of methodology what this goal happens to be. More generally, formal methods turned out to be effective tools in philosophical analysis, in the paper we will show this introducing the interrogative model and some basic properties of it, let us mention the covering law theorem. Finally we will formulate some philosophical implications of the model introduced.

The Interrogative Model: Historical Inquiry and Explanation

This article commends Jaakko Hintikka's interrogative model of reasoning as an aid to historiography in relation to historical inquiry and explanation. After an initial discussion of David Hackett Fischer's appeal to the "logic of historical thought" in terms of his overlapping complementary emphases with Hintikka's interrogative model, a critical evaluation is given of Fischer's brief but strong comments regarding the role of why-questions in historical explanation. From there the main part of the article is given over to how the interrogative model provides an account of the nature of explanation in general using Hintikka's recently published work on explanation theory. The theory of explanation that uses the interrogative model is applied to historical explanation and illustrated in the way the interrogative model serves a descriptively-valuable role in historiography by reference to historical inquiry and explanation in Herodotus.