TINJAUAN HUKUM INTERNASIONAL TERKAIT PENETAPAN WILAYAH KONSERVASI OLEH INGGRIS TERHADAP KEPULAUAN CAGOS YANG MASIH DALAM PERSENGKETAAN DENGAN MAURITIUS

Every states have the rights or jurisdiction over their territory in the land and sea, and to protect their specific environment, they also have the right to purpose part of their territory as a Protected Area. Chagos archipelago is rich in the marine biodiversity which have to protect This island which place in the Indian Ocean used to be a British Colony, and in 1968 after Mauritius independence, British still exist in Chagos island based on their agreement with Mauritius to use this island for a few year, because British also have the agreement with US to use one of the island (Diego Garcia) as US Millitary Camp. In 2010 British purpose the Chagos archipelago as a protected area, which against by Mauritius, because the Cahgos Island is not British territory, its Mauritius’s territory. Based on UNCLOS 1982 only the coastal state have the rights of their marine biodiversity in their ZEE. The Convention on Biodiversity 1992, also mentioned about the rights of states to protect their biodiversity by using as protected area. IUCN as an international organization has the guidance about protected area that can be use to discuss the Chagos marine protected areas.

Marine Water Quality at Diego Garcia: A Preliminary Study of Pollution Levels in Coastal and Lagoon Waters

Diego Garcia is the largest atoll within the Chagos Archipelago in the Indian Ocean. Since the 1960s it has been a military base, populated only by military and support personnel. Infrastructure includes sewage treatment works, a waste disposal facility and an airbase. Lagoon use includes boating and large vessel anchorage. Current pollution levels by inorganic nutrients and other contaminants are unknown. A field study was undertaken in March 2019 to obtain baseline information on key environmental parameters and pollutants for assessing the state of marine water quality. Outside the atoll, three stations were sampled where human impacts were likely to be lowest (two off the north coast, considered as ‘near-pristine’; one on the east coast); one station was sampled in the lagoon mouth; 10 stations were sampled downstream from two sewage outflows. Inside the lagoon, 10 stations were sampled at near-shore sites likely to be directly impacted by activities such as boating and waste management; six stations were sampled in the central or eastern lagoon. In situ sensors were used to estimate temperature, salinity, chlorophyll (as fluorescence) and dissolved oxygen. Discrete water samples were analyzed for nutrients, chemical contaminants, heavy metals and fecal indicator bacteria. Sea surface temperatures were highest (29.5–35 °C) inside the lagoon; salinities were generally higher (> 34.1) outside the lagoon (vs 33.8–34.1 inside). Surface nutrient concentrations at near-pristine stations were undetectable for nitrate and phosphate and averaged 1.39 μM for dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and 1.73 μM for silicate. Concentrations were higher at most other stations (maximum 5.7 μM DIN, 0.38 μM phosphate, and 9.93 μM silicate), with ammonium contributing most to DIN. In the lagoon, chlorophyll concentrations were relatively low (0.3 – 0.6 μg chl l–1) near the surface and higher (max 0.9 μg chl l–1) at depth. Results suggested low levels of pollution overall. However, levels of nutrients, oxygen deficiency, chemical contaminants (e.g., solvents and DEET) and heavy metals (cadmium, nickel, zinc and copper) at some sites inside the lagoon are a concern due to slow flushing rates and will be used to inform future monitoring and assessment of environmental health at Diego Garcia.

Luffa acutangula (angled luffa).

L. acutangula is a large, annual climbing plant, grown commercially for its unripe fruits which are used as a vegetable (PROTA, 2016). Native to southern Asia, it is now widely found in tropical and subtropical parts of the world (USDA-ARS, 2016). It grows vigorously, producing long stems that scramble over the ground or climb into nearby vegetation, supporting themselves by means of tendrils (Useful Tropical Plants, 2016). It is listed as invasive in Cuba (Oviedo Prieto et al., 2012) and on Diego Garcia Island in the Indian Ocean (PIER, 2016).

Bougainvillea spectabilis (great bougainvillea).

Bougainvillea spectabilis is an aggressive climbing vine or shrub growing >10 m high. Native to Brazil, this species has been extensively introduced into tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of the world. It is reported to be invasive on the Chilean island of Rapa Nui (Easter Island/Isla de Pasqua) and on Diego Garcia Island in the Indian Ocean. It is often planted as an ornamental and hedge plant in gardens, parks and along roadsides; it can support itself on other plants by means of thorns carried in the leaf axils. It reproduces sexually by seed and vegetatively by cuttings and stem fragments. Fruits are winged achenes, which can be easily dispersed by wind or water. Once established, B. spectabilis can climb trees or shrubs suffocating them and out-competing understorey plants.

Why Flight MH370 Has Not Vanished in the Southern Indian Ocean

This chapter delivers the final conclusions that were raised due to the critical question of why MH370 has not ended up in the Southern Indian Ocean. In this view, the application of the multiobjective genetic algorithm is implemented to explore the final destination of MH370. The results show that the MH370's last destination is not near the coastal water of Perth, Australia as obtained by using a multiobjective algorithm. In this understanding, the Pareto optimization has allowed the author to see the impact of the Southern Indian Ocean dynamics on the MH370 debris trajectory movements. Moreover, the Pareto front verified that the found fragments do not belong to MH370 fuselage. There is a 95% confidence level that the flight found in Cambodia is not MH370. Finally, MH370 has been hijacked and driven to Diego Garcia as it is a short route from the departure point at International Malaysia Airport, Kuala Lumpur (KLIA).