scholarly journals TINJAUAN HUKUM INTERNASIONAL TERKAIT PENETAPAN WILAYAH KONSERVASI OLEH INGGRIS TERHADAP KEPULAUAN CAGOS YANG MASIH DALAM PERSENGKETAAN DENGAN MAURITIUS

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-129
Author(s):  
Yanti Fristikawati ◽  
Ronaldo Lado
Keyword(s):  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
British Colony ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Diego Garcia ◽  
Convention On Biodiversity ◽  
The Right ◽  
Chagos Archipelago

Every states have the rights or jurisdiction over their territory in the land and sea, and to protect their specific environment, they  also have the right to purpose part of their territory as a Protected Area. Chagos archipelago is rich in the marine biodiversity which have to protect This island which place in the Indian Ocean used to be a British Colony, and in 1968 after Mauritius independence, British still exist in Chagos island based on their agreement with Mauritius to use this island for a few year, because British also have the agreement with US to use one of the island (Diego Garcia) as US Millitary Camp. In 2010 British purpose the Chagos archipelago as a protected area, which against by Mauritius, because the Cahgos Island is not British territory, its Mauritius’s territory. Based on UNCLOS 1982 only the coastal state have the rights of their  marine biodiversity in their ZEE. The Convention on Biodiversity 1992, also mentioned about the rights of states to protect their biodiversity by using as protected area. IUCN as an international organization has the guidance about protected area that can be use to discuss the Chagos marine protected areas.  

scholarly journals Legal Consequences of the Separation of the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius in 1965

2019 ◽  
Vol 113 (4) ◽  
pp. 784-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane Marie Amann
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
Advisory Opinion ◽  
International Court Of Justice ◽  
International Court ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Un General Assembly ◽  
The Right ◽  
Chagos Archipelago ◽  
Legal Consequences

Decolonization and its quite valid discontents lay at the center of this advisory opinion regarding the territory and populations of islands located in the Indian Ocean. Answering questions posed by the UN General Assembly, the International Court of Justice (ICJ or Court) concluded that because the Chagos Archipelago was detached from Mauritius as a condition of independence, the decolonization of Mauritius had not been completed in accordance with international law. The Court further ruled unlawful the United Kingdom's continued administration of the Chagos Archipelago and called upon all UN member states to aid completion of the decolonization process. Nearly unanimous—the sole dissenter on the merits was Judge Joan E. Donoghue of the United States—the advisory opinion contained significant pronouncements on decolonization, on the right of all peoples to self-determination, and on the formation of customary rules respecting both. It did so in a manner that implicated the ICJ's role as the judicial organ of the United Nations, in whose General Assembly and other political bodies the next episodes in the Chagos controversy seem destined to unfold.

scholarly journals Checklist of seaweeds of Al-Hoceima National Park of Morocco (Mediterranean Marine Protected Area)

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 91-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanaa Moussa ◽  
Mustapha Hassoun ◽  
Ghizlane Salhi ◽  
Hanaa Zbakh ◽  
Hassane Riadi
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Green Alga ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
National Park ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Mediterranean Coast ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Al Hoceima

Abstract The Mediterranean basin is a marine biodiversity hot spot. Despite this, the macroalgal diversity of the Mediterranean Sea is still not fully known, especially in the Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) including, Al-Hoceima National Park of Morocco (PNAH). This paper provides the first comprehensive checklist of the seaweeds of PNAH, based chiefly on our own original collections, and complimented by literature records. Using present-day taxonomy, the total number of taxa at both specific and infraspecific levels currently accepted   is 306 taxa with 207 Rhodophyta (39 families), 51 Ochrophyta (13 families) and 48 Chlorophyta (12 families). Ninety five of these species were not found in our samples, 93 were new to the PNAH, and the taxonomic identity of 26 taxa was amended. From the totality of taxa, ten species were reported for the first time from Morocco: 9 Rhodophyta and one green alga. Furthermore, 12 others species (10 red, 1 brown and 1 green alga) are new records for the Mediterranean coast of Morocco. Besides this, confirmed records are mentioned for 20 species, whether in Africa, in Morocco or in the Moroccan Mediterranean coast. This accessible checklist to the international community could serve as an infrastructure for future algal investigations of the taxa in this Specially Protected Area of Mediterranean Importance. Key words: Al-Hoceima National Park, Checklist, Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas, Morocco, Seaweeds. Resumen Lista de algas marinas del Parque Nacional de Alhucemas en Marruecos (Área Marina Protegida del Mediterráneo) La cuenca del Mediterráneo es un Hot Spot de biodiversidad marina. Aún así, la diversidad de macroalgas del Mediterráneo no está plenamente conocida, especialmente en las Áreas Marinas Protegidas del Mediterráneo (AMP) incluido el Parque Nacional de Alhucemas en Marruecos (PNAH). Este documento proporciona la primera lista exhaustiva de las algas marinas del PNAH. Usando la taxonomía actual, el número total de taxones a niveles específicos y infraespecíficos actualmente aceptados es de 306 taxones con 207 Rhodophyta (39 familias), 51 Ochrophyta (13 familias) y 48 Chlorophyta (12 familias). Noventa y cinco de estas especies no se encontraron en nuestras muestras, 93 eran nuevas en el PNAH y se modificó la identidad taxonómica de 26 taxones. De la totalidad de las macroalgas, 10 especies (9 Rhodophyta y 1 Ulvophyceae) fueron registradas por primera vez desde Marruecos. Además, 12 otras especies (10 Rhodophyta, 1 Phaeophyceae y 1 Ulvophyceae) son nuevos registros para la costa mediterránea de Marruecos. También, se mencionan los registros confirmados de 20 especies, ya sea en África, en Marruecos o en la costa mediterránea marroquí. Esta lista de algas accesibles a la comunidad internacional podría servir como una infraestructura para futuras investigaciones algales de los taxones en esta zona especialmente protegida de importancia para el Mediterráneo. Palabras clave: Parque Nacional de Alhucemas, Lista de algas, Áreas Marinas Protegidas del Mediterráneo, Marruecos, Algas marinas. 

No Way Home for the Chagossians: Law and Power Politics

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-400
Author(s):  
Caecilia Alexandre ◽  
Konstantia Koutouki
Keyword(s):  
Power Politics ◽  
American Military ◽  
Military Base ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
Return Home ◽  
Diego Garcia ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
The Right ◽  
Chagos Archipelago ◽  
Political Battle

If home is where the heart is, then home for the Chagossian people is the Chagos archipelago. The story of the Chagos people is not very well known, but it is a story of injustice and of a legal and political battle to bring an end to this injustice. Evicted from their homes following a decision by the British and American Governments to construct an Anglo-American military base on one of the archipelago’s islands, Diego Garcia, the Chagossians have fought in political and legal arenas for the right to return home for nearly 50 years. The basis for their demand to return home is well-founded under national and international legal principles. However, despite political and legal gains made throughout the years, the right to return home, remains elusive.

scholarly journals Protected area downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement (PADDD) in marine protected areas

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renee Albrecht ◽  
Carly Cook ◽  
Olive Andrews ◽  
Kelsey E. Roberts ◽  
Martin FJ Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Marine Ecosystems ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
Conservation Implications ◽  
Proximate Causes

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are foundational to global marine biodiversity conservation efforts. Recently, countries have rapidly scaled up their MPA networks to meet targets established by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). While MPA networks are intended to permanently safeguard marine ecosystems, evidence points to widespread legal changes that temper, reduce, or eliminate protected areas, known as protected area downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement (PADDD). Research on PADDD to-date has focused on terrestrial PAs, leaving fundamental questions about PADDD in MPAs unanswered. To address this knowledge gap and provide a foundation for understanding the conservation implications of PADDD in marine ecosystems, we documented patterns, trends, and proximate causes of PADDD in MPAs globally. At least six countries have enacted 44 PADDD events in MPAs, most of which were in Australian MPAs. Globally, PADDD events in MPAs have affected an area of at least 1,198,774 square kilometers, approximately the size of South Africa. Most PADDD events in MPAs (67%) are associated with industrial-scale resource use, extraction, and development, suggesting that PADDD may undermine the conservation objectives of MPAs. Additional research, transparency, and proactive policy responses are needed to address PADDD to better safeguard marine ecosystems.

Dispute Concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Mauritius and Maldives in the Indian Ocean, Preliminary Objections (ITLOS)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-69
Author(s):  
Thomas Burri ◽  
Jamie Trinidad
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
International Tribunal ◽  
Maritime Boundary ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The Law ◽  
Arbitral Proceedings ◽  
Chagos Archipelago

On January 28, 2021, a Special Chamber of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) delivered a judgment in which it rejected preliminary objections raised by the Maldives in arbitral proceedings instituted by Mauritius, concerning the delimitation of the maritime boundary north of the Chagos Archipelago in the Indian Ocean.

scholarly journals CONTRIBUIÇÕES DAS ÁREAS MARINHAS PROTEGIDAS PARA A CONSERVAÇÃO E A GESTÃO DO AMBIENTE MARINHO

2003 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jérôme FOURNIER ◽  
Andrea De CASTRO PANIZZA
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
The Third ◽  
Conservation And Management ◽  
Reserve Effect

Este artigo apresenta os diferentes aspectos da proteção do ambiente litorâneo abordando três pontos essenciais. O primeiro evoca a instalação de áreas marinhas protegidas (AMP) em um contexto socioeconômico e político, destacando seu funcionamento e a noção de “ efeito reserva”. O segundo mostra a importância das AMP na proteção da biodiversidade marinha. Finalmente, o terceiro ponto exemplifica a avaliação do meio natural e aborda, de maneira geral, o valor econômico das espécies e da “Natureza” na ocorrência de degradação. Contributions of the marine protected areas for the conservation and management of the marine environment Abstract This article presents the various aspects of the littoral environmental protection by approaching three important points. The first evokes the installation of the marine surfaces protected in a socio-economic and political context. The operation of the reserves and the concept of “ reserve effect “ are explained. The second explains the interest of MPA to protect the marine biodiversity. Lastly, the third point shows the evaluation of the natural environment and more generally of the economic value of the species and “Nature” in the event of degradation.

scholarly journals Guidelines for Marine Protected Areas

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 352
Author(s):  
Mark Westera
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Site Selection ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
Marine Protected Area ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Economic Aspect ◽  
Financial Sustainability ◽  
Broad Application

Guidelines to marine protected areas is a collation of efforts from the IUCN, NOAA and Cardiff University, among others. It is aimed at managers and would be managers of marine parks, but will also be of use to anyone involved in the Marine Protected Area (MPA) process from conceptual planning to establishment, monitoring and management. Its broad application takes into account the hurdles that a manager is likely to encounter. There are nine sections, an introduction, an evaluation of the legal framework required to successfully establish MPAs, a discussion on dealing with all the relevant parties, involving communities and other stakeholders, site selection, planning and managing MPAs, zoning, evaluating economic aspect and financial sustainability, and finally a section on research, monitoring and review. Boxes are used throughout the text within each chapter to summarize important points and make for quick reference to the topic of that chapter.

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