Study on volcanic reservoir characteristics of Yingcheng Formation in Xudong area of Xujiaweizi fault depression

Types of deep reservoir rich in Yingcheng formation of Xudong area in Xujiaweizi fault depression, the study of volcanic rocks of Yingcheng formation in the main, using the date of core, logging, oil test, from lithology, lithofacies and physical properties to study volcanic reservoir characteristics. The main lithology of volcanic reservoir in Yingcheng formation of Xudong area include rhyolite, rhyolitic tuff, rhyolitic tuff fused, rhyolitic breccia and rhyolitic tuff breccia. In accordance with lithology combination of features, volcanic facies can be divided into volcanic explosive facies, volcanic effusive facies and volcanic sedimentary facies. The main types of porosity have air vent of primary pore, remnants pores of air vent filled after, cracks, micro-cracks and feldspar corrosion hole of secondary porosity, volcanic ash corrosion hole, micro-pore produced by rhyolitic glass from glass off in spherules rhyolite, quartz crystal chip corrosion hole, and so on. Through studying the ratio of reservoir and formation for a single well, the frequency distribution of reservoir thickness, production capacity situation and pool-forming regularity, Xudong area can be divided into three reservoir development zone, so we will find out the most favorable reservoir development zone, then it can play a guiding role for the next step of the exploration deployment.

Geochronology and Geochemistry of Ore-Hosting Rhyolitic Tuff in the Kengdenongshe Polymetallic Deposit in the Eastern Segment of the East Kunlun Orogen

The Kengdenongshe Au–Ag–Pb–Zn polymetallic deposit, a newly discovered large-scale polymetallic deposit in the southeastern section of the East Kunlun Orogen (EKO), contains an Au resource of 40 t, Ag resource of 690 t and Pb–Zn resource of 10.5 × 105 t. The ore-bearing rocks are mainly composed of laminar barite and rhyolitic tuff. In this study, LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb dating and whole rock major and trace elements analyses have been conducted on the ore-bearing rhyolitic tuff. LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb dating data show that these rhyolitic tuffs were emplaced at ca. 243.3 ± 1.6 Ma. The samples show similar features to those of S-type granites, including high contents of SiO2 (76.4–82.6 wt. %) and Al2O3 (11.0–12.7 wt. %) and relatively low concentrations of Na2O (0.35–2.43 wt. %) and CaO (0.095–0.124 wt. %), with high A/CNK (molar [Al2O3/(CaO + Na2O + K2O)]) (1.72–2.03) and K2O/Na2O ratios (1.41–17.1). Further, they exhibit depletion in HFSEs (High Field Strength Elements) and enrichment in LREEs (Light Rare Earth Element) with negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.51–0.64). These geochemical characteristics indicate that the Kengdenongcuo rhyolitic tuff originated from the fluid-absent melting of a plagioclase-poor, clay-rich metapelitic source and experienced minor fractional crystallization. In combination with arc-type magmatism and contemporaneous syn-collision granitoids in the region, the Kengdenongcuo tuff formed in a continental collision setting, implying that the Bayan Har–Songpan Ganzi Terrane collided with the East Kunlun Terrane and the Paleo-Tethys Ocean was closed at the period of ~243 Ma. The Kengdenongcuo polymetallic deposit formed at about the same time.

Natural Gas Refinery Wastewater Treatment by Zeolites

The purpose of this study is to experimentally investigate the SAR (Sodium Adsorption Ratio) and TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) reduction in reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate, using two types of natural zeolites. In order to reduce salinity of wastewater, experiments are carried out by varying the type of zeolite, concentration of zeolite, and residence time. The results show that both zeolites can lower the SAR and TDS of wastewater; however, Rhyolitic tuff is more effective than clinoptilolite. It is observed that the concentration of zeolite has not significant effects on wastewater treatment so, using the lowest level of selected concentration reduces the cost of desalination. In addition, the effect of residence time is negligible. The experimental set up shows that the SAR reduction slop is higher than TDS.

Treatments of reverse osmosis concentrate using natural zeolites

The purpose of the current study is to experimentally investigate the reduction of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) from a concentrated stream of reversed osmosis (RO) using natural zeolites. In order to reduce the salinity of solution, experiments were carried out using zeolites of varying concentration, pretreatment of adsorbents, and the addition of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The results show that both zeolites can be used in an RO brine treatment; however, Rhyolitic tuff is more effective than clinoptilolite for the reduction of water salinity. The experiments show that Rhyolitic tuff decreases salinity of RO concentrate to nearly one – third of the initial value. Statistical analyses show that the effect of zeolite concentration is negligible. Furthermore, the addition of EDTA and pretreatment of zeolite increase the SAR values.