sodium adsorption ratio
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2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilma Rantilla Amwele ◽  
Nnenesi Anna Kgabi ◽  
Liisa Indileni Kandjibi

The groundwater quality data from 1,137 boreholes in 10 regions of Namibia were assessed for sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Kelly's ratio (KR), sodium percentage (Na%), magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR), total hardness (TH), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), potential salinity (PS), electrical conductivity (EC), and total dissolved solids (TDS) to determine the suitability for the irrigation. The groundwater was classified as follows: all the regions' groundwater shows the TH as very hard water of >4.6 meq/l, PS as not suitable for irrigation (>3 meq/l), and EC as very highly (0.75–2.25 dS/m). However, Na%: 10% of regions have doubtful water (>80%), MAR: 30% of regions are not recommended for irrigation (>50 meq/l), and TDS: 90% of the regions have slightly moderate (450–2,000 mg/l) and 10% have groundwater that is unsuitable for agricultural purposes (>2,000 mg/l). The unsuitability of groundwater for irrigation could be due to higher concentrations of K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and Cl− that has exceeded the FAO guideline for irrigation. Some groundwater qualities had inverse classification such as SAR all regions have excellent groundwater (<10 meq/l), KR: 90% of regions have safe water (<1 meq/l), Na%: 50% of regions have good groundwater (20–40%), 40% of the regions have permissible water (40–80%), and MAR: +70% of region's water is recommended for irrigation (<50 meq/l).


2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (2E) ◽  
pp. 134-149
Author(s):  
Omar Aqrawi

Fifteen spring water samples were collected from the study area, to identify its quality, as well as the prevailing water type in it. samples were analyzed to determine the concentrations of main cations Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+, and anions HCO3-, SO42-, Cl- and NO3-, as well as investigating the physio-chemical properties represented by Hydrogen Number, Electrical Conductivity, and Total Dissolved Solids. Piper classification demonstrated that all samples are of type normal earth alkaline water with prevailing bicarbonate with a percentage of 79.9% of all the samples, except for SP4, SP9, and SP11, which characterized with normal alkaline water with prevailing bicarbonate and sulfate or chloride with a percentage of 19.9%. The results of the analysis showed a prevalence of calcium ions over the rest of the cations followed by Mg2+, Na+, and K+, and a prevalence of HCO3- ion over the rest of the anions followed by NO3-, Cl-, and SO42-. The water quality index showed that all samples are categorized within the excellent type for drinking, with a range of 3.14-29.94. In addition, several classifications used (Eaton, 1950, Turgeon, 2000 and Don, 1995) demonstrated that the water is of excellent type to use for irrigation with Na%=2.51, Sodium Adsorption Ratio=0.08, and RSC=-1.65. Using Wilcox Diagram for irrigation water; show that all samples are within the domain of the excellent water for irrigation.


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyaa M. S. Abdel Khalik ◽  
Karam F. Moussa ◽  
Mohamed K. Abdel- Fattah ◽  
Ahmed I. Abdo

The study aims to study the effect of irrigation water characteristics from different sources (i.e., fresh water and agricultural drainage water) on some chemical properties of the soil (soil pH, soil electrical conductivity “ECe”, sodium adsorption ratio “SAR”, cations exchange capacity “CEC” and exchangeable sodium percentage “ESP”).Therefore, water samples were collected from 15 different sites of the Bahr Mouise canal and likewise from the Bahr El-Baqar drain, which are located in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. In parallel with water sampling, soil samples were taken from the same areas that are irrigated with these waters (i.e., Bahr Mouise canal and Bahr ElBaqar drain). Soil and water samples were analyzed.The results indicated that the irrigation water sources (i.e., Bahr Mouise canal and Bahr El-Baqar drain) were affected on the different of the chemical characteristics of soil. The pH values of the soil that irrigated with Bahr Mouise canal water were ranged from 7.62 to 8.35 with an average 8.01±0.21, while pH values of the soil that irrigated with Bahr El-Baqar drain water were ranged from 7.99 to 8.56 with an average 8.27±0.16. The EC values of the soil that irrigated with Bahr Mouise canal water were ranged from 0.61 to 3.86 dS/m with an average 1.23±1.00 dS/m, while ECe values of the soil that irrigated with Bahr El-Baqar drain water were ranged from 1.82 to 2.67dS/m with an average 2.35±0.30 dS/m. Regarding sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), the SAR values average in soil that irrigated with Bahr Mouise canal (ranged from 0.84 to 7.65 mmolc/l with an average 2.12±1.91 mmolc/l) were less than the SAR values average in soil that irrigated with Bahr El-Baqar drain (ranged from 2.49 to 3.79 mmolc/l with an average 3.27±0.38 mmolc/l) with statistically significant differences between them (p-value < 0.05). In addition, the results showed that the CEC values in the soil that irrigated with Bahr El-Baqar drain (ranged from 49.66 to 71.37 cmolc/kg soil with an avera


Author(s):  
L. Sackey ◽  
E. Osei ◽  
E. O. Bennoah ◽  
A. Tettey

Aims: To assess the effectiveness of Gypsum as a chemical ameliorant on three selected salt-affected soils of the Ho-Keta plain, in the Volta region of Ghana. Study Design:  Complete Randomized Design. Place and Duration of Study:  Soil Research Institute, Kwadaso, Kumasi between June 2014 and July 2019. Methodology: Soil sampling was taken in two forms. The initial sampling was taken at a depth of 0-30 cm from Anyako, Anyenui and Atiehife for the soil physical and chemical analysis. Samples were further taken from profiles, composited and sub-sampled for the leaching experiment. Approximately 2.6 kg of the soil samples from the different sites were taken, mixed thoroughly with different rates 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of Gypsum, (CaSO4.2H2O) and filled into fifteen perforated polyvinyl plastic pots and replicated four times. The pots were saturated with water, incubated for 24 h and leached intermittently with 120 mL distilled water for a period of four weeks. Results: Significant displacement of Na+ by Ca2+ and subsequently leached became evident in the reduced values recorded for pH, EC and SAR. The applied gypsum reduced pH within a range of 4.0 to 4.2 compared to the original soil with no significant differences among the treatments at p = 0.05. Though a similar trend was observed for EC, significant difference at p = 0.05 was observed at gypsum level above 50%. Sodium adsorption ratio recorded a marked difference as gypsum level was varied with significant difference at p = 0.05 compare to the control.   Conclusion: The study revealed that gypsum rates at 75% and 100% Gypsum requirement were effective in improving the chemical properties of the soils with significant reductions in salinity, sodicity and pH. Atiehife soil performed better compared to Anyenui and Anyako soils.


Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1535
Author(s):  
Tonggang Fu ◽  
Hui Gao ◽  
Jintong Liu

Numerous methods have been used in the spatial prediction of soil salinity. However, the most suitable method is still unknown in arid irrigation regions. In this paper, 78 locations were sampled in salt-affected land caused by irrigation in an arid area in northern China. The geostatistical characteristics of the soil pH, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Total Salt Content (TSC), and Soil Organic Matter (SOM) of the surface (0–20 cm) and subsurface (20–40 cm) layers were analyzed. The abilities of the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW), Ordinary Kriging (OK), and CoKriging (CK) interpolation methods were compared, and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) was used to justify the results of the methods. The results showed that the spatial distributions of the soil properties obtained using the different interpolation methods were similar. However, the surface layer exhibits more spatial heterogeneity than the subsurface layer. Based on the RSME, the nugget/sill value and range significantly affected which method was the most suitable. Lower nugget/sill values and lower ranges can be fitted using the IDW method, but higher nugget/sill values and higher ranges can be fitted using the OK method. These results provide a valuable reference for the prediction of soil salinity.


Irriga ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-272
Author(s):  
Ariovaldo Antonio Tadeu Lucas ◽  
Jéssica Marcy Silva Melo ◽  
Airon José da Silva ◽  
Antenor Oliveira Aguiar Netto

QUALITY OF WATER DRAINAGE IN THE NORTHEAST REGION OF BRAZIL USING ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVIY AND SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO     ARIOVALDO ANTONIO TADEU LUCAS1; JÉSSICA MARCY SILVA MELO2 SANTOS; AIRON JOSÉ DA SILVA3 E ANTENOR OLIVEIRA AGUIAR  NETTO4   1Professor do Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Sergipe – Campus São Cristóvão – SE, Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n, Jd. Rosa Elze, CEP 49100-000, São Cristóvão – SE, Brasil. Email: [email protected]  2Mestranda do curso de Pós-graduação em Recursos Hídricos, Universidade Federal de Sergipe – Campus São Cristóvão – SE, Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n, Jd. Rosa Elze, CEP 49100-000, São Cristóvão – SE, Brasil. Email: [email protected]  3Professor do Departamento de Engenharia Agronômica, Universidade Federal de Sergipe – Campus São Cristóvão – SE, Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n, Jd. Rosa Elze, CEP 49100-000, São Cristóvão – SE, Brasil. Email: [email protected]  4 Professor do Departamento de Engenharia Agronômica, Universidade Federal de Sergipe – Campus São Cristóvão – SE, Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n, Jd. Rosa Elze, CEP 49100-000, São Cristóvão – SE, Brasil. Email: [email protected]      1 ABSTRACT   Water and soil salinity are major concerns in irrigated agriculture, and electrical conductivity must be taken into consideration when planning irrigation. The Jacaré-Curituba irrigated perimeter, located in the municipality of Poço Redondo, state of Sergipe, Northeast Brazil, lies in a semi-arid region and has the characteristic of being geared toward family farming. Thus, this work had as objective to evaluate the electrical conductivity (EC) of the water and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of the drainage water of a saline soil recovery area in field conditions. The field experiment was conducted in saline-sodium soil in irrigated plots, and the experimental design was completely randomized, with nine water sampling points and three replications. The collection points were as follows: drainage channel input (CDI), drainage channel outlet (CDO), lateral drains for each plot (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6) and useful water for irrigation (IW), with six water sampling campaigns being performed. The induced results showed that drain water has a much high risk of causing salinity.   Keywords: irrigated perimeter, salinity, semi-arid, irrigated agriculture.     LUCAS, A. A. T.; SANTOS, J. M. S. M.; DA SILVA, A., J.; AGUIAR NETTO, A., O. QUALIDADE DA DRENAGEM DE ÁGUA DA REGIÃO NORDESTE DO BRASIL UTILIZANDO CONDUTIVIDADE ELÉTRICA E RAZÃO DE ADSORÇÃO DE SÓDIO     2 RESUMO   A salinidade do solo e da água é uma grande preocupação na agricultura irrigada, sendo que a condutividade elétrica deve ser considerada no planejamento da irrigação. O perímetro irrigado Jacaré-Curituba localizado no município de Poço Redondo, estado de Sergipe, Nordeste do Brasil, se situa na região semiárida e tem como característica ser voltado para agricultura familiar. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a condutividade elétrica da água (CE) e a razão de adsorção de sódio (RAS) da água de drenagem de uma área de recuperação de solo salino-sódico em condição de campo. O experimento de campo foi realizado em solo salino-sódico em lotes irrigados, sendo que o delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com nove pontos de amostragem de água e três repetições. Os pontos de coleta foram os seguintes: início da entrada do canal de drenagem (CDI), saída do canal de drenagem (CDO), drenos laterais para cada parcela (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6) e água utilizada para irrigação (IW), sendo realizadas seis campanhas de amostragem de água. Os resultados mostraram que a água de drenagem tem um risco alto e muito alto de causar salinidade.   Palavras-chave: perímetro irrigado, salinidade, região semiárida, agricultura irrigada.


Author(s):  
Mubarra Noreen ◽  
Isma Younes

The present study was an attempt to assess the surface and ground water quality for irrigation suitability in Rechna Doab. Irrigation water quality at canals and tube well water were analyzed by physicochemical parameters including pH, Electric Conductivity (EC), important cations such as Calcium (Ca2+) Magnesium (Mg2+), Potassium (K+), Sodium (Na+), important anions such as Chloride (Cl-), Bicarbonate (HCO3-), Sulphate (SO42-), three heavy metals including Zinc (Zn), Nickel (Ni) and Copper (Cu). Twelve water samples were collected from the main canals (Lower Gogera canal, Jhang branch canal and Rakh branch canal) while fifty water samples were collected from the tube wells. Statistically, data were analyzed by generating correlation coefficients. Canal water quality parameters i.e. Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR), Sodium Percentage (Na %), Kelly Ratio (KR), Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP), Residual Sodium Bicarbonate (RSBC), Permeability Index (PI) and Potential Salinity (PS) with their mean values 0.16,38.18, 8.03, 0.08, 10.17, 0.08, 28.34 and 0.024 respectively were calculated. Piper and Durov diagrammatic representations provided the suitability of the canal water regarding ionic composition. Results revealed that the status of the canal water was fit for agriculture. On the contrary, the data about Electric Conductivity (EC), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) of tube well water (with their maximum values 4.80, 29.65 and 13.60, respectively) was exceeding the FAO limits owing of sodium hazards. Thus, the scenario of groundwater is alarming due to unfit status of tube well water regarding irrigation purposes. Out of total 50 water samples of tube wells, 11 samples were found to be fit. While 39 samples were unfit for crop irrigation. Geo-statistical analysis was performed by using Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) technique created in Arc map.


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