retrofit design
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2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Nabil Allaf

<p>This thesis bridges architecture and seismic engineering. These two disciplines, despite being closely interrelated especially in earthquake-prone countries like New Zealand, often operate separately. This observation is particularly relevant when examining the integration of seismic retrofit and architecture. While technical solutions along with design methodologies and legislation have been continuously improved over the last decades, the relationship between architecture and seismic retrofit remains overlooked.  An acknowledgment that architecture is a legitimate component of seismic retrofit design introduces the potential for retrofitted buildings to reach both adequate earthquake resistance and even have enhanced architecture quality. Some retrofit guidance documents draw attention to architecture, yet their approaches, commonly taking the form of guidelines or recommendations, focus on maintaining buildings' existing features. Little reflection on the integration of seismic retrofit and the architectural qualities of existing buildings is given. This leaves an unexplored area regarding the architectural impact seismic structure may have on existing buildings, whether negative, neutral, or positive.  In this context, the thesis investigates the following question: How can the integration of seismic retrofit and architecture be improved?  Such an inquiry requires an understanding of the practice of seismic retrofit through both structural engineering and architectural perspectives. To respond to the research question, the study utilises a qualitative research methodology using a multiple case study strategy. This includes the collection of building documentation, visits to selected seismically retrofitted unreinforced masonry buildings, and interviews with their architects and structural engineers.  The thesis starts by reviewing the literature on the relationship between structure and architecture. Several authors emphasise how a structure's capacity to exceed its technical tasks by engaging with architecture can result in enriched projects. Following the transposition of generic relationships between structure and architecture into the context of seismic retrofit, the study explores the issue of integration in a 'real-life context' through five case studies. Each is investigated through the perspectives of architecture, seismic structure and design practice. The conditions and factors influencing integration are identified so awareness and recommendations can be made to introduce designers to new ways of approaching seismic retrofit design.  The main conclusion of this research is that while integration between seismic retrofit and architecture can be improved, no standard solution applicable to all retrofit projects exists. Indeed, the thesis highlights the complexity of integration which is a combination of many variables. These variables include among others, time of involvement of the architect, type of seismic structure, and extent of interior refurbishment. Designers need to be aware of certain conditions and positive factors they can draw upon for successful integration as well as negative ones they should avoid.</p>


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Nabil Allaf

<p>This thesis bridges architecture and seismic engineering. These two disciplines, despite being closely interrelated especially in earthquake-prone countries like New Zealand, often operate separately. This observation is particularly relevant when examining the integration of seismic retrofit and architecture. While technical solutions along with design methodologies and legislation have been continuously improved over the last decades, the relationship between architecture and seismic retrofit remains overlooked.  An acknowledgment that architecture is a legitimate component of seismic retrofit design introduces the potential for retrofitted buildings to reach both adequate earthquake resistance and even have enhanced architecture quality. Some retrofit guidance documents draw attention to architecture, yet their approaches, commonly taking the form of guidelines or recommendations, focus on maintaining buildings' existing features. Little reflection on the integration of seismic retrofit and the architectural qualities of existing buildings is given. This leaves an unexplored area regarding the architectural impact seismic structure may have on existing buildings, whether negative, neutral, or positive.  In this context, the thesis investigates the following question: How can the integration of seismic retrofit and architecture be improved?  Such an inquiry requires an understanding of the practice of seismic retrofit through both structural engineering and architectural perspectives. To respond to the research question, the study utilises a qualitative research methodology using a multiple case study strategy. This includes the collection of building documentation, visits to selected seismically retrofitted unreinforced masonry buildings, and interviews with their architects and structural engineers.  The thesis starts by reviewing the literature on the relationship between structure and architecture. Several authors emphasise how a structure's capacity to exceed its technical tasks by engaging with architecture can result in enriched projects. Following the transposition of generic relationships between structure and architecture into the context of seismic retrofit, the study explores the issue of integration in a 'real-life context' through five case studies. Each is investigated through the perspectives of architecture, seismic structure and design practice. The conditions and factors influencing integration are identified so awareness and recommendations can be made to introduce designers to new ways of approaching seismic retrofit design.  The main conclusion of this research is that while integration between seismic retrofit and architecture can be improved, no standard solution applicable to all retrofit projects exists. Indeed, the thesis highlights the complexity of integration which is a combination of many variables. These variables include among others, time of involvement of the architect, type of seismic structure, and extent of interior refurbishment. Designers need to be aware of certain conditions and positive factors they can draw upon for successful integration as well as negative ones they should avoid.</p>


2021 ◽  
Vol 2042 (1) ◽  
pp. 012148
Author(s):  
Kate Simpson ◽  
Peter Childs ◽  
Jennifer Whyte

Abstract The aim of this research is to quantify the impact of heating set point on space heating energy demand for a typical UK dwelling. Retrofit includes fabric energy efficiency improvements. Energy performance certificates (EPCs) inform the householder of typical savings per measure, but this has previously been found to inaccurately estimate space heating energy demand, leading to errors in 'typical savings' presented to householders. The most sensitive inputs have been found to be temperature set point, followed by fabric efficiency. The BREDEM methodology assumes a temperature of 21°C for nine hours a day, rather than ~16°C and ~20°C found in research. The methods used to inform this study are local sensitivity analysis of the domestic energy model, based on a typical dwelling example with calibrated inputs. This is done using an open calibrated Python model, based on BREDEM. The impact of heating patterns on space heating energy demand are modelled pre retrofit; according to differing heating set points, following wall and loft fabric upgrade and full fabric upgrade. The BREDEM heating set point assumptions lead to space heating energy demand predicted ~50-100 kWh/m2/yr higher than real heating set points. Implications for retrofit design and EPCs are discussed.


2021 ◽  
pp. 875529302110235
Author(s):  
Konstantinos A Skalomenos ◽  
Konstantinos E Morfidis ◽  
Vassilios A Lekidis ◽  
Stavros A Anagnostopoulos

This article presents the seismic assessment and retrofit design of an existing old building in Greece of great regional importance. The Building is the “Administration building of Kalamata” located in the city of Kalamata, capital of the Messinia Prefecture. The Building, the largest in the city, is a seven-floor reinforced concrete (r/c) structure with a basement built in 1974. The seismic assessment procedure is based on the provisions of the EN 1998-3 code and the Greek code for structural interventions “KAN.EPE.,” introducing several novelties that give solutions to difficult practical problems with respect to the modeling, the analysis methods, and performance evaluation framework. The article presents details of the Building’s modeling, description of the analyses, and the corresponding results, as well as the most efficient retrofitting schemes that fulfill the safety demands (i.e. performance level B or “Life safety” and performance level C or “Collapse prevention” according to KAN.EPE.), considering cost and minimal disturbance both for the superstructure and foundation interventions. While considering the various intervention solutions, it proceeds with new simplified ways that optimize the proposed solution. As such, it can be used as a paradigm for finding clever, practical, and at the same time economical solutions. An interesting characteristic of the Building is that it has been strengthened already after the damaging earthquake of 1986, but the new usage requirements raised questions about the adequacy of that earlier strengthening. Last, but not least, it must be mentioned that this building is unique in the sense that the main earthquake record (a strong motion accelerogram) obtained during the damaging 1986 Kalamata earthquake was at its basement. This record is also used for the assessment.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takao Kaneda ◽  
Kazunori Yamaguchi

<p>There are three cable-stayed bridges in Nishi-Seto Expressway, the westernmost route of Honshu- Shikoku Expressway; Shin-Onomichi Bridge (maximum span of 215 m), Ikuchi Bridge (center span of 490 m), and Tatara Bridge (center span of 890 m). The results of seismic analyses of the bridges revealed the considerable sway-mode vibrations in longitudinal direction, and seismic devices such as viscous dampers and stoppers were found to be necessary to mitigate the above vibrations. In this paper, the vibration characteristics of the cable-stayed bridges of different sizes and the difference in the seismic retrofit design for the bridges are presented.</p>


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