A REVIEW ON THE ROLE OF ‘FEAR’ EMOTIONS ON ATTENTIONAL BIAS

The purpose of this review is to evaulate how attentional processes that are vital cognitive mechanisms for survival are affected due to threat-related stimuli by investigating studies which address the emotion of fear and attentional bias. Individuals experience three dimensions of emotions: bodily excitations (arousal), expressive behaviors caused by bodily excitations and awareness of emotions. The increase of arousal level accompanying emotions may affect the range/variety of cues which organisms pay attention to. In this review, beside the evolutionarily relevant threats (snake, spider, etc.), modern threats (gun, knife, etc.) and fears based on learning were investigated. At the same time, the role of threat-related stimuli encountered during situations involving attentional blindness and in real life (pain, epidemic disease, bomb explosion, etc.) was included. By analysing studies focusing on individual differences, it was investigated how attentional bias to threat-related stimuli may be affected by factors like age, sex, culture, emotinal intelligence, personality traits, loneliness, and anxiety level. Results from the investigated studies has shown that attentional bias is stronger for threat-related stimuli compared to neutral stimuli. Keywords Fear, attentional bias, threat-related stimuli, emotions and attention

Exploring Medical Response Preparation Strategies for Terrorist Subway Dirty Bomb Explosion Based on A Simulation System

Introduction: London bombings on July 7, 2005 presented serious difficulties for medical response, moreover, if a dirty bomb attack had occurred in an underground train, it would have been more difficulties to cope with. Based on this possibility, it is critical to take strategies on medical response to dirty bomb attacks in underground transport systems into account beforehand. Method: In the Windows 10 operating system, visual studio 2019 environment, we used C ++ language to develop a system that can simulate the process of nuclear or radiological emergency medical rescue based on discrete event simulation, mainly considering the designs of professional rescue groups, staffs’ energy consumption, injured and uninjured persons on site, and competence value of key staffs.Results: In the scenario of a subway dirty bomb terrorist attack causing 2.6 casualties per minute and 208 casualties in total, the manpower needed for the emergency medical response were 5 pre-triage groups, 7 contamination triage groups, 23 decontamination groups, 5 first-aid groups, and 12 comprehensive treatment groups. Besides, 5 first-aid groups and 45 decontamination groups were added to implement on-site rescue. The total number of actual participants in the medical response should be about 337. More than 337 PPE should be prepared.Conclusion: We designed and constructed a simulation system, and used it to explore the medical response preparation strategies for subway terrorist dirty bomb explosion, including preparation of sufficient staffs and equipment, consideration of the rotation needs of the staffs, and perception of real-time situation on site and agile command, especially obtained the prediction method of staff and equipment resources for specific disaster background, which could provide constructive references for the security protection of urban subway systems in the future.

PERSPEKTIF BANSER-NU TENTANG TOLERANSI KERAGAMAN AGAMA DALAM PERISTIWA BOM NATAL 2000

In the Qur’an there is Surat Al-Kafirun verse 6,which reads “lakum diinukum wa liyadiin,” whichmeans “For you your religion, and for me my religion.” In this letter it is sufficient to show how tolerance is in religion. This reflects how to respect the belief rights of fellow humans. Not imposing one’s will, not compelling someone to embrace a certain religion, not discrediting other religions, and respecting to practice their religion and belief. The research titled “ BANSER-NU Perspective on the Tolerance of Religious Diversity Concerning the Incident of Christmas Bombing 2000” focus on (1) How is the relationship between harmony and religious diversity tolerance? (2) What are the views of Nahdlatul Ulama and BANSER for religious diversity tolerance? (3) How did BANSER Riyanto die when securing Christmas celebrations? This research uses field research and literature review with historical sociology approaches. From the research results, obtaines the following answers: (1) Tolerance of religious diversity has an important in realizing plural community harmony in the life of the nation and state (2) BANSER is part of NU, both of which understand Ahlussunnah Wal Jamaah and there is tasamuh who are seen as Ukhuwah Insaniyah (humanity) and Ukhuwah Wathaniyah (nationalism) which are the basic principles of tolerance for religious diversity, so that NU and BANSER always try to create, maintain tolerance for religious diversity (3) BANSER Riyanto is safeguarding the 2000 Christmas celebration at Eben Haezar Church in Mojokerto, and died with a bomb explosion to save the Christmas congregation.

Representations of Death in Rawi Hage’s Beirut Hellfire Society

The aim of this paper is to explore the representations of death in Beirut Hellfire Society, a novel written by the Lebanese author, Rawi Hage, and published in 2018. The novel indulges in immoral and varied casts like the de-romanticizing subjects in Cormac McCarthy’s Blood Meridian which help illustrate the realities of life during wartime. All the characters portrayed in Beirut Hellfire Society are colorful and complicated vignettes. They span the four seasons following the death of Pavlov’s father, who is killed in a bomb explosion when he is in the middle of digging a grave. In this novel, Hage portrays the dilemma that people faced during the Lebanese civil war and the meaninglessness of death. He deliberately presents a striking description of death that overflows in the city of Beirut throughout the civil war and links it to a myriad of aspects associated to it; mourning, burials, funeral dancing, lunacy, a sense of humor and jokes regarding death, and above all, cremation, to personify the abundant death and destruction that pervaded Beirut on that period of Lebanon’s history with its utmost horrible and devastating face. Pavlov, a twenty years old undertaker, and his father are extraordinary characters and members of the “Hellfire Society,” a secretive organization of infidels, hedonists, idolaters, in which the members cremate people at their own request. Hellfire Society is a mysterious, rebellious and anti-religious sect that arranges secret burial for those who have been denied it because the deceased was a homosexual, an atheist, and an outcast or abandoned by their family, church and state. With death front and centre, Rawi Hage’s Beirut Hellfire Society is a treatise on living with war. In short, it is a novel that practically defines iconoclasm and registers the horrible, prevalent, and immeasurable shocking death that ensues as a real consequence of war and its atrocities.