Recent advances in nanomaterial-based luminescent ATP sensors

: Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) plays a significant role in biological processes and the ATP level is closely associated with many diseases. In order to detect ATP in live cells, tissues and body fluids with a high sensitivity and selectivity, researchers have developed various sensing strategies. Particularly, owing to distinct physicochemical properties of nanomaterials and high sensitivity of fluorescence, a great deal of efforts have been devoted to developing nanomaterials-based approaches for fluorescent ATP sensing in recent years. In this review, we focus on the current development of nanomaterial-based fluorescent ATP sensors and discuss the sensing mechanisms in detail. The advantages and disadvantages of ATP sensing using different kinds of nanomaterials, including carbon nanomaterials, metal nanoparticles, semiconductor quantum dots, metal-organic frameworks and up-conversion nanoparticles have been thoroughly compared and discussed. Finally, current challenges and future prospects in this field are given.

Crystal structure of an archaeal CorB magnesium transporter

CNNM/CorB proteins are a broadly conserved family of integral membrane proteins with close to 90,000 protein sequences known. They are associated with Mg2+ transport but it is not known if they mediate transport themselves or regulate other transporters. Here, we determine the crystal structure of an archaeal CorB protein in two conformations (apo and Mg2+-ATP bound). The transmembrane DUF21 domain exists in an inward-facing conformation with a Mg2+ ion coordinated by a conserved π-helix. In the absence of Mg2+-ATP, the CBS-pair domain adopts an elongated dimeric configuration with previously unobserved domain-domain contacts. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, analytical ultracentrifugation, and molecular dynamics experiments support a role of the structural rearrangements in mediating Mg2+-ATP sensing. Lastly, we use an in vitro, liposome-based assay to demonstrate direct Mg2+ transport by CorB proteins. These structural and functional insights provide a framework for understanding function of CNNMs in Mg2+ transport and associated diseases.

Pyridinium-conjugated polynorbornenes for nanomolar ATP Sensing using Indicator Displacement Assay and PET strategy

An indicator displacement assay, namely polymeric PNPY-n/UD consisting of cationic polynorbornese backbone with pyridinium functional groups (PNPY-1,2,3) and anionic uranine dye (UD) as an indicator, has been developed for highly...

Secretory functions of macrophages in the human pancreatic islet are regulated by endogenous purinergic signaling

Endocrine cells of the pancreatic islet interact with their microenvironment to maintain tissue homeostasis. Communication with local macrophages is particularly important in this context, but the homeostatic functions of human islet macrophages are not known. Here we show that the human islet contains macrophages in perivascular regions that are the main local source of the anti-inflammatory cytokine Il-10 and the metalloproteinase MMP9. Macrophage production and secretion of these homeostatic factors is controlled by endogenous purinergic signals. In obese and diabetic states, macrophage expression of purinergic receptors, MMP9, and Il-10 is reduced. We propose that in those states exacerbated beta cell activity due to increased insulin demand and increased cell death produces high levels of ATP that downregulate purinergic receptor expression. Loss of ATP sensing in macrophages may reduce their secretory capacity.

Secretory functions of macrophages in the human pancreatic islet are regulated by endogenous purinergic signaling

Endocrine cells of the pancreatic islet interact with their microenvironment to maintain tissue homeostasis. Communication with local macrophages is particularly important in this context, but the homeostatic functions of human islet macrophages are not known. Here we show that the human islet contains macrophages in perivascular regions that are the main local source of the anti-inflammatory cytokine Il-10 and the metalloproteinase MMP9. Macrophage production and secretion of these homeostatic factors is controlled by endogenous purinergic signals. In obese and diabetic states, macrophage expression of purinergic receptors, MMP9, and Il-10 is reduced. We propose that in those states exacerbated beta cell activity due to increased insulin demand and increased cell death produces high levels of ATP that downregulate purinergic receptor expression. Loss of ATP sensing in macrophages may reduce their secretory capacity.

Secretory functions of macrophages in the human pancreatic islet are regulated by endogenous purinergic signaling

Endocrine cells of the pancreatic islet interact with their microenvironment to maintain tissue homeostasis. Communication with local macrophages is particularly important in this context, but the homeostatic functions of human islet macrophages are not known. Here we show that the human islet contains macrophages in perivascular regions that are the main local source of the anti-inflammatory cytokine Il-10 and the metalloproteinase MMP9. Macrophage production and secretion of these homeostatic factors is controlled by endogenous purinergic signals. In obese and diabetic states, macrophage expression of purinergic receptors, MMP9, and Il-10 is reduced. We propose that in those states exacerbated beta cell activity due to increased insulin demand and increased cell death produces high levels of ATP that downregulate purinergic receptor expression. Loss of ATP sensing in macrophages may reduce their secretory capacity.

Secretory functions of macrophages in the human pancreatic islet are regulated by endogenous purinergic signaling

Endocrine cells of the pancreatic islet interact with their microenvironment to maintain tissue homeostasis. Communication with local macrophages is particularly important in this context, but the homeostatic functions of human islet macrophages are not known. Here we show that the human islet contains macrophages in perivascular regions that are the main local source of the anti-inflammatory cytokine Il-10 and the metalloproteinase MMP9. Macrophage production and secretion of these homeostatic factors is controlled by endogenous purinergic signals. In obese and diabetic states, macrophage expression of purinergic receptors, MMP9, and Il-10 is reduced. We propose that in those states exacerbated beta cell activity due to increased insulin demand and increased cell death produces high levels of ATP that downregulate purinergic receptor expression. Loss of ATP sensing in macrophages may reduce their secretory capacity.

Secretory functions of macrophages in the human pancreatic islet are regulated by endogenous purinergic signaling

Endocrine cells of the pancreatic islet interact with their microenvironment to maintain tissue homeostasis. Communication with local macrophages is particularly important in this context, but the homeostatic functions of human islet macrophages are not known. Here we show that the human islet contains macrophages in perivascular regions that are the main local source of the anti-inflammatory cytokine Il-10 and the metalloproteinase MMP9. Macrophage production and secretion of these homeostatic factors is controlled by endogenous purinergic signals. In obese and diabetic states, macrophage expression of purinergic receptors, MMP9, and Il-10 is reduced. We propose that in those states exacerbated beta cell activity due to increased insulin demand and increased cell death produces high levels of ATP that downregulate purinergic receptor expression. Loss of ATP sensing in macrophages may reduce their secretory capacity.