Efficient Synthesis of the Insect Elicitor Volicitin and Biologically Active Analogs

An improved and efficient copper (I) mediated coupling procedure was used to synthesize N-(17-hydroxylinolenoyl)-L-glutamine (volicitin), a chemical elicitor from the herbivore pest beet army worm, and its biologically active analogs.

SYNERGISM OF PYRETHROIDS BY PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE AND MGK-264 AGAINST HELIOTHIS VIRESCENS, SPODOPTERA EXIGUA, AND SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)1

Laboratory cultures of field-collected larval tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), beet army worm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), and fall armyworm, S. frugiperda (J. E. Smith) were bioassayed for response to three pyrethroids in combination with piperonyl butoxide (PBO), or MGK-264. The greatest synergistic effects were seen in S. exigua which also displayed the greatest tolerance to pyrethroids without synergists. The highest SR50 (synergist ratio) value for S. exigua was 22.1 with fenvalerate-PBO mixed in a ratio of 1:5, the highest for S. frugiperda was 4.6 with fenvalerate-MGK-264 1:5, and the highest for H. virescens was 1.3 with permethrin-MGK-264 1:5 or with fenvalerate-PBO 1:5.

Spodoptera exigua. [Distribution map].

A new distribution map is provided for Spodoptera exigua (Hb.) (Laphygma exigua[Spodoptera exigua] Hb.) (Lep., Noctuidae) (Beet Army Worm, Lucerne Caterpillar). Host Plants: Sugar beet, cotton, lucerne, tobacco, tomato. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE (excl. USSR), Bulgaria, France, Gibraltar, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Sicily, Spain, Yugoslavia, ASIA (excl. USSR), Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Burma, Cambodia, China, Cyprus, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jammu & Kashmir, Japan, Jordan, Korea, Laos, Lebanon, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Sikkim, South Yemen, Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Vietnam (North), Yemen Arab Republic, USSR, AFRICA, Algeria, Ascension Island, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroun, Canary Islands, Dahomey, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Libya, Madagascar, Madeira, Malawi, Mali, Morocco, Mozambique, Niger, Rhodesia, Rwanda, Senegal, Socotra Island, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Upper Volta, Zaire, AUSTRALASIA and PACIFIC ISLANDS, Australia, Hawaii, Irian Jaya, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, Mexico, U.S.A., WEST INDIES.