Nuovi approcci per lo studio delle migliori tecnologie disponibili a supporto dell'autorizzazione integrata ambientale per impianti di produzione di biometano

L’Autorizzazione Integrata Ambientale (AIA) è il provvedimento che autorizza l’esercizio di un impianto o parte di esso, in cui si svolgono attività che potrebbero causare significativi impatti ambientali. Con l’AIA le imprese possono uniformarsi ai principi di IPPC che sta per Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control, individuando soluzioni tecniche, impiantistiche ed economiche, per una corretta gestione delle possibili forme di inquinamento. Per raggiungere elevati livelli di protezione dell’ambiente bisogna adottare le Migliori Tecniche Disponibili, in inglese Best Available Technology (BAT). Ad oggi in Italia non è ancora presente un metodo di studio delle migliori tecnologie disponibili, ma una diversa situazione si ha nel Regno Unito dove viene il software H1. Lo scopo del presente lavoro è individuare una metodologia di studio delle BAT per un impianto di trattamento della Frazione Organica dei Rifiuti Solidi Urbani (FORSU) e scarti ligneo-cellulosici per la produzione di biometano situato in Italia, applicando per lo stesso il software inglese.

On the Necessity for Minimizing Risk Based Technology Qualification Variability: An Application to Offshore Floating Wind Turbines

Technology qualification (TQ) has been employed to perform assessments to verify whether a new technology performs within pre-specified functional limits after an application. If a best available technology (BAT) is used in a new environment, it is considered as a new technology. The TQ is vital in the implementation of best available technology (BAT) in a new environment. Risk based technology qualification provides an optimal approach for performing TQ of a BAT when it is necessary to implement in a new environment. This manuscript first demonstrates the standard TQ process. Secondly, it presents development of a risk matrix for failure mode identification and consequence risk ranking (FMI&CRR). Thirdly, it demonstrates the use of FMI&CRR in a risk-based technology qualification process. Finally, it presents use of the risk matrix to perform TQ on moorings solutions that have been selected as a BAT for a floating wind turbine sub-system. Fuzzy inference system has been used to assess the risk rank to minimize the variability that causes due to experts’ performance variability. Illustrative risk based TQ assessment has been performed and presented. The developed risk based TQ process (TQP), fuzzy inference system supported risk rank estimation, and illustrative risk based TQ recommendation are significantly important for practitioners while performing FMI&CRR in larger scale offshore floating wind turbines’ TQ projects.

IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES OF THE BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY

Совершенствование технологий производства на предприятиях пищевой промышленности, рациональное использование материальных и финансовых ресурсов, формирование экологической культуры и повышение конкурентоспособности выпускаемой продукции в современных условиях связаны с внедрением наилучших доступных технологий (НДТ). Проведен анализ нормативных актов, устанавливающих требования к поэтапному внедрению НДТ, рассмотрена структура и взаимосвязь информационно-технических справочников, содержащих описание технологий, отнесенных к наилучшим доступным для пищевых отраслей. Рассмотрены инновационно-технологические аспекты развития НДТ, базирующиеся на междисциплинарных исследованиях, многоуровневом подходе, конвергенции биотехнологий, нанотехнологий и информационно-коммуникационных технологий, приведены примеры их практической реализации в пищевой промышленности. Improvement of production technologies in the food industry, rational use of material and financial resources, the formation of environmental culture and increasing the competitiveness of products in modern conditions are associated with the introduction of the best available technology (BAT). The analysis of normative acts that establish requirements for their phased implementation is carried out, the structure and relationship of information and technical reference books containing a description of technologies classified as the best available for food industries is considered. Innovative and technological aspects of BAT development based on interdisciplinary research, multi-level approach, convergence of biotechnologies, nanotechnologies and information and communication technologies are considered, examples of their practical implementation in the food industry are given.

Problems of implementation of best available technologiesat industrial plants

After the changes to the Federal law “On environment protection” came into force, the plants having considerable negative impact on environment, including plants of steel industry and non-ferrous metallurgy, from January 1, 2019 have to proceed to implementation of best available technologies. Among the problems, the information and analytical provision of such technologies implementation noticed. Formulation of “complex ecological permission” and “best available technology” (“BAT”) meanings considered. Items of registration considered, including order and terms, specified for BAT receiving, which substitutes the permission for emission of contaminants intoatmosphere, limits for contaminants emission, permission for contaminants discharge into environment, limits for contaminants discharge, norms for wastes formation and limits for their allocation. A list of supporting actions at implementation of measures on environment protection quoted, including state support ofactivity on BAT implementation and other measures decreasing negative impact on environment. Bureau of BAT elaborated information and technical reference books on BATs, which are available at internet-site http://burondt.ru/index/its-ndt.html. For steel industry and related industries list of the reference books on BATs recommended for familiarization. A reference to an electron resource, containing “List of main technological equipment, used at implementation of best available technologies” quoted. The document approved by the RF Government’ decree. Problems considered, related to BAT implementation, including absence of approved technological indices of BAT and incompleteness of list of equipment recommended for implementation.

Waste-to-energy: Coupling Waste Treatment to Highly Efficient CHP

Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) has become the most widespread Best Available Technology (BAT) to treat residual waste streams in a reliable and safe way. As such, MSWI has contributed to achieve the landfill diversion targets in many EU member states. Modern waste incinerators, also referred to as Waste-to-Energy (WtE) plants, have furthermore evolved to producers of electricity, heat and steam for energy-consuming industries, agriculture and residences. However, due to the specific composition and properties of MSW and similar waste, and due to the historical development of MSWI, the exploitation of WtE plants as combined heat and power (CHP) plants is not straightforward. The aims of this paper are to develop a better understanding of these limitations, to point out possibilities for increasing the level of energy recovery and utilization in WtE plants, and to document this approach with data and experiences from selected WtE plants currently integrated in CHP schemes. Finally, some design and operational challenges for waste-fired CHP plants are further elaborated from a WtE plant supplier’s perspective.

Environmental Attributes of EDM Process

EDM is presently known as the best available technology (BAT) to solve various problems in machine construction. This paper attempts to provide some answers to the question - is EDM a clean technology? Working methodology consisted in processing literature data and data obtained from authors experimental research on the environmental impact of EDM. In conclusion, there are several issues to be solved before EDM can be considered a clean technology. The article also suggests solutions for these problems.

The energy required to produce materials: constraints on energy-intensity improvements, parameters of demand

In this paper, we review the energy requirements to make materials on a global scale by focusing on the five construction materials that dominate energy used in material production: steel, cement, paper, plastics and aluminium. We then estimate the possibility of reducing absolute material production energy by half, while doubling production from the present to 2050. The goal therefore is a 75 per cent reduction in energy intensity. Four technology-based strategies are investigated, regardless of cost: (i) widespread application of best available technology (BAT), (ii) BAT to cutting-edge technologies, (iii) aggressive recycling and finally, and (iv) significant improvements in recycling technologies. Taken together, these aggressive strategies could produce impressive gains, of the order of a 50–56 per cent reduction in energy intensity, but this is still short of our goal of a 75 per cent reduction. Ultimately, we face fundamental thermodynamic as well as practical constraints on our ability to improve the energy intensity of material production. A strategy to reduce demand by providing material services with less material (called ‘material efficiency’) is outlined as an approach to solving this dilemma.