A system for reporting and evaluating adverse drug reactions of herbal medicine in Taiwan from 1998 to 2016

The Taiwan Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting System for Herbal Medicine (TADRRS-HM) has systematically documented suspected adverse events from adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports from 1998 (prior to its formal establishment in 2001) and evaluates safety profiles of herbal medicines. This article describes findings from 2079 ADR reports filed between 1998 and 2016: 941 reports involved single herbs and 87 involved folk herbals; 842 were generated from clinical trials, while 209 ADR reports involving foods, health foods, dietary supplement foods and herbal cuisine were grouped as Other. Severity assessments using the Modified Hartwig and Siegel scale classified 72.4% of ADRs as mild, 17.4% as moderate and 6.5% as severe. System Organ Class classification of the ADRs identified gastrointestinal system disorders as the most common (33.4%), followed by skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders (21.2%). The TADRRS-HM records indicate that herbal medicines may cause a wide range of ADRs. Aconiti Radix, Xiao-Qing-Long-Tang, and Datura suaveolens were the most commonly reported single herb, herbal formula, and folk herbal, respectively. The data indicate that herbal medicines may cause a wide range of ADRs. This system will confer long-term benefits for the development of Taiwan’s herbal medicines adverse reaction database and facilitate epidemiological analysis.

Induksi Resistensi Tanaman Krisan Terhadap Puccinia horiana P. Henn. Dengan Menggunakan Ekstrak Tanaman Elisitor

Karat putih yang disebabkan oleh <em>Puccinia horiana</em> P. Henn merupakan penyakit yang paling penting pada tanaman krisan (<em>Dendrathema grandiflora</em> Tzvelev<em>.</em>). Serangan pada tanaman ini dapat menurunkan nilai komersial bunga hingga 100%. Induksi resistensi merupakan salah satu strategi untuk mengendalikan penyakit ini. Beberapa jenis tanaman elisitor, terbukti efektif meningkatkan ketahanan tanaman terhadap serangan beberapa patogen. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah memperoleh minimal 2 (dua) spesies ekstrak tanaman yang efektif untuk menginduksi ketahanan tanaman krisan terhadap <em>P. horiana</em>, dan mendapatkan informasi kandungan asam salisilat pada tanaman krisan yang telah terinduksi oleh tanaman elisitor. Penelitian dilaksanakan dalam dua tahapan, yaitu di laboratorium dan rumah kaca Balai Penelitian Tanaman Hias yang dilakukan pada Januari hingga Desember 2013. Tujuh tanaman elisitor yang duji ialah : daun tanaman Ivy (<em>Hedera helix),</em> batang tanaman wilow (<em>Salix </em>sp.), daun bunga pukul empat (<em>M. jalapa</em>), daun <em>Phytholacca americana</em> (anti viral), daun Kucubung (<em>Datura suaveolens</em>), daun pagoda (<em>Clerodendron</em> sp.), dan daun Laja (<em>Alpinia galanga</em>) yang masing-masing diencerkan 50% (100 g bagian bahan tananam digerus menggunakan mortal sampai halus, kemudian ditambah 100 ml bagian 0,01 M fosfat buffer pH 7,0). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak batang <em>Salix sp</em>., dan daun C<em>. japonicum</em> efektif menginduksi ketahanan tanaman krisan terhadap <em>P. horiana </em>dengan persentase penekanan masing-masing mencapai 80,20 dan 75,46%. Kandungan asam salisilat pada tanaman krisan yang terinduksi efektif oleh tanaman elisitor pada krisan, masing-masing bervariasi antara 1853,93 - 3767,55 ppm.

Efeito de extratos aquosos de plantas na oviposição da traça-das-crucíferas, em couve

Avaliou-se o efeito de extratos aquosos de Achillea millefolium L. (folhas), Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (folhas), Bidens pilosa L. (folhas, frutos e ramos), Bougainvillea glabra Choisy (folhas), Chenopodium ambrosioides L. (folhas, frutos e ramos), Datura suaveolens Humb & Bonpl. ex. Willd (folhas), Enterolobium contortisilliquum (Vell.) Morong (frutos), Mentha crispa L. (folhas e ramos), Nicotiana tabacum L. (folhas), Piper nigrum L. (folhas), Plumbago capensis Thunb. (folhas e ramos), Pothomorphe umbellata L. (folhas), Sapindus saponaria L. (folhas), S. saponaria (frutos), Solanum cernuum Vell. (folhas), Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart) Coville (casca), Symphytum officinale L. (folhas), Trichilia catigua A. Juss. (folhas), T. catigua (ramos), Trichilia pallida Sw. (folhas) e T. pallida (ramos), em relação à preferência para oviposição de Plutella xylostella. Discos de folhas de couve (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) cultivar Georgia foram imersos em cada extrato à concentração de 10% (massa/volume) por um minuto. Em seguida, foram divididos em quatro partes iguais e duas partes foram colocadas alternadamente com outras duas partes tratadas com água destilada, em uma gaiola. A contagem dos ovos foi feita após 24 horas. Os extratos apresentaram efeito deterrente na oviposição da praga, com exceção do extrato de S. adstringens, que não diferiu da testemunha, tratada apenas com água destilada. Os extratos de E. contortisilliquum, S. saponaria (frutos) e T. pallida (folhas) foram os mais eficientes, apresentando 100% de deterrência.

Immunochemical Comparative Study on RuBP Carboxylase/Oxygenase of Different Tobacco Mutants Exhibiting Different Levels of Photorespiration

By means of the immunochemical methods of double immuno diffusion and tandem crossed immuno electrophoresis we have compared the bifunctional enzyme RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase from tobacco mutants which differ with respect to their rates of photosynthesis and photorespiration. The comparative studies were carried out with a monospecific antiserum to the enzyme of the wild type Nicotiana tabacum var. John William’s Broadleaf. RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase from the green, yellow-green and yellow phenotype of the mutants namely N. tabacum Su/su, N. tabacum Su/su var. Aurea, N. tabacum var. Consolation, N. tabacum var. NC 95 and N. tabacum Xanthi (D 523) are immunochemical^ identical to the enzyme of the wild type N. tabacum var. John William’s Broadleaf. Furthermore, immunochemical identity of the RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase exists between Nicotiana tabacum and other representatives of the Solanaceae such as Solanum tuberosum, S. lycopersicum and Datura suaveolens. In contrast to this only partial identity to the enzymes of the C3-plants Antirrhinum majus, Spinacia oleracea, Sinapsis alba, Petroselinum crispum, Allium porrum, Hordeum vulgare, Avena sativa to the enzymes of the green alga Chlorella vulgaris and to the blue-green alga Oscillatoria chalybea as well as to the enzyme of the C4-plant Zea mays is observed.