Strategies in Solving Equivalent-related Problems in Translation: Implications to Cross-cultural Understanding

Any translation practice is intended to produce a text which is equivalent in meaning with its source text. However, to arrive at such equivalence is not an easy task due to a number of differences between the source language and the target language. Therefore, finding the right equivalence is a problem often encountered by translators, especially student translators. Suggested by such problem, a study on equivalence problems and possible strategies to solve the problems is obviously necessary. This article aims at finding out the problems of equivalence encountered and the strategies to solve such problems applied by student translators in translating a historical recount text. This is a descriptive study taking 10 student translators as the participants who were asked to translate a historical recount text from English into bahasa Indonesia. The data were collected using Translog that recorded all the translation process done by the student translators. The results of the study were: (i) the student translators encountered five equivalence problems while translating a historical recount text from English into bahasa Indonesia; and (ii) to solve such problems, they applied six strategies (naturalization, borrowing, description, deletion, addition and generalization). The findings imply that the problems were motivated by the student translators’ lack of cultural understanding of the source language.

LOCALCr-RIGHT EQUIVALENCE OFCr+1FUNCTIONS

Letf,g:(ℝn, 0) → (ℝ, 0) beCr+1functions,r∈ ℕ. We will show that if ∇f(0)=0 and there exist a neighbourhoodUof 0 ∈ ℝnand a constantC> 0 such that$$\begin{equation*} \left|\partial^m(g-f)(x)\right| ≤ C \left|\nabla f(x)\right|^{r+2-|m|} \quad \textrm{ for } x\in U, \end{equation*} $$and for anym∈ ℕ0nsuch that |m| ≤r, then there exists aCrdiffeomorphism ϕ:(ℝn, 0) → (ℝn, 0) such thatf=g° ϕ in a neighbourhood of 0 ∈ ℝn.

CT-Right Equivalence Of Analytic Functions

Let ƒ, g : (ℝ

Lack of equivalence in the elemental and stable isotope chemistry within the sagittal otolith pair of the summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus

Kajajian, A., Schaffler, J. J., and Jones, C. M. 2014. Lack of equivalence in the elemental and stable isotope chemistry within the sagittal otolith pair of the summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71: 356–364. In fish that are not bilaterally symmetrical, the left and right sagittae are often not symmetrical, exhibiting divergent growth patterns and mass, and may have differences in chemical composition. We investigated this in the asymmetrical summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus, collected from different nursery habitats along the US east coast. Significant differences were detected in otolith mass, δ13C, δ18O, Li:Ca, Mg:Ca, and Sr:Ca, and overall chemical signatures. These results refute the hypothesis of left–right equivalence that is prevalent for bilaterally symmetrical fishes. We tested whether a specific side was better suited for classification. The best models differed between sagittae and resulted in different classification accuracies. The left otolith produced better classification accuracies. Simulated samples of randomized sets of left or right otoliths produced mean accuracies intermediate to classification and were often highly variable. We recommend that future otolith chemistry studies involving bilaterally asymmetrical species test the hypothesis of equivalence within the sagittae before randomly choosing an otolith for chemical analyses.

A note on right equivalence of module presentations

If R has 1 in the stable range, then any two presentations f, g: p→ M of an R-module M by a finitely generated projective p are right equivalent, that is, f = gh for some automorphism h of P. The convers is also true.

Truncation criteria and algorithm for the reduction to normal form of catastrophe unfoldings - I. Singularities with zero rank

Applications of elementary catastrophe theory often require the determination of right-equivalence transformations which reduce unfold­ings of singularities to their associated normal forms. In general these transformations can only be found approximately, such as in the form of truncated Taylor series. It is shown that the reduction to normal form of an unfolding, to a given finite degree in the control variables, is determined by a finite subset of terms in its multivariate Taylor expansion. An algorithm to construct the transformation that effects the reduction to normal form of an unfolding is presented.