Some Further Results on the Reduction of Two-Dimensional Systems

The reduction of two-dimensional systems plays an important role in the theory of systems, which is closely associated with the equivalence of the bivariate polynomial matrices. In this paper, the equivalence problems on several classes of bivariate polynomial matrices are investigated. Some new results on the equivalence of these matrices are obtained. These results are useful for reducing two-dimensional systems.

Strategies in Solving Equivalent-related Problems in Translation: Implications to Cross-cultural Understanding

Any translation practice is intended to produce a text which is equivalent in meaning with its source text. However, to arrive at such equivalence is not an easy task due to a number of differences between the source language and the target language. Therefore, finding the right equivalence is a problem often encountered by translators, especially student translators. Suggested by such problem, a study on equivalence problems and possible strategies to solve the problems is obviously necessary. This article aims at finding out the problems of equivalence encountered and the strategies to solve such problems applied by student translators in translating a historical recount text. This is a descriptive study taking 10 student translators as the participants who were asked to translate a historical recount text from English into bahasa Indonesia. The data were collected using Translog that recorded all the translation process done by the student translators. The results of the study were: (i) the student translators encountered five equivalence problems while translating a historical recount text from English into bahasa Indonesia; and (ii) to solve such problems, they applied six strategies (naturalization, borrowing, description, deletion, addition and generalization). The findings imply that the problems were motivated by the student translators’ lack of cultural understanding of the source language.

An examination of third- and fourth-graders’ equivalence knowledge after classroom instruction

The present correlational study examined third- and fourth-graders’ (N = 56) knowledge of mathematical equivalence after classroom instruction on the equal sign. Three distinct learning trajectories of student equivalence knowledge were compared: those who did not learn from instruction (Never Solvers), those whose performance improved after instruction (Learners), and those who had strong performance before instruction and maintained it throughout the study (Solvers). Learners and Solvers performed similarly on measures of equivalence knowledge after instruction. Both groups demonstrated high retention rates and defined the equal sign relationally, regardless of whether they had learned how to solve equivalence problems before or during instruction. Never Solvers had relatively weak arithmetical (nonsymbolic) equivalence knowledge and provided operational definitions of the equal sign after instruction.

Utilizing Translation Equivalence in J.K Rowling’s Harry Potter in the Phoenix New Order

Many scholars have offered many theories to solve the problems of literary translation. However, the quality of literary translation remains a big burden and challenge for many translators due to literary translation often encounters the problems of fluency, accuracy, register, flexibility, a feeling for style, an appreciation of nuance, and transparency (Landers, 2001, p.13). The subjectivity in the interpretation of the source language message, the motion of stylistic faithfulness, and flexibility as regards the form of the source text and the greatest possible degree of the impracticality of an adequate translation have led to the problem of equivalence. Indeed, such problems of translation equivalence that are invoked by the translation process may bring serious problems to literary translation. The paper aims to seek the problems of non-equivalence in literary translation and to apply the concept of translation equivalences proposed by Mona Baker within and above the word levels grammatical level, textual level, and pragmatic level. By using Baker’s concept of the equivalence functions, this paper provides strategies to deal with non-equivalence problems found in J.K Rowling’s novel Harry Potter in the Phoenix New Order. This paper has found that the translation of the Phoenix New Order novel bears non-equivalencies in the level of the word, above word, grammatical, textual, and pragmatic. Thus, translators need to apply several strategies, especially the concept of translation equivalence, in their translating process to ensure effective and efficient translation.

An analysis of Indonesian literary translation ‘Pena Beracun’ by Suwarni A.S. from Agatha Christie’s novel The Moving Finger

The work of translation is not a matter of only transferring words from one language to another. It is a communication bridge through which a translator must pick up and carry the message of the whole text that the writer is trying to communicate in the given situation of the source-text readers and deliver it to the target-text readers in their adopted and adapted situation. This is the point at which a translator often misses what is in the writer’s mind because s/he is unable to get into the writer’s mind to reveal the hidden message. As a result, the way the readers of the target text think and feel about what they read is often not the same as the way the readers of the source text do. This paper is aimed at finding out problems related to non-equivalence from the word level to the pragmatic level based on Baker’s that may be found in a literary translation of the first chapter of Pena Beracun by Suwarni A.S from Agatha Christie’s novel ‘The Moving Finger” and discusses the translator’s choices of the target text equivalence for the source text. The method of this study is a library research. The data was collected from two sources: Pena Beracun, an Indonesian translation of ‘The Moving Finger’ by Agatha Christie and its original English novel. The data collection technique was done by comparing the two sources to find non-equivalence problems from the word level to the textual level. The problem(s) in the translator’s choice of TL equivalence for SL, which may range from choosing the equivalence at word level to the choice of textual equivalence was identified and discussed by referring to the strategies as proposed by Baker (2011). Lots of cases of non-equivalence problems are found in the translation of the first chapter Pena Beracun by Suwarni A.S from Agatha Christie’s novel ‘The Moving Finger’ which range from non-equivalence at word level to textual level. Most of the problems of non-equivalence are related to collocation and fixed expressions. The translator’s strategies to overcome the problems are directed more to the acceptability and naturalness in the target language, giving style to the literary use of language.

Compositional Analysis of Protocol Equivalence in the Applied $$\pi $$-Calculus Using Quasi-open Bisimilarity

This paper shows that quasi-open bisimilarity is the coarsest bisimilarity congruence for the applied $$\pi $$ π -calculus. Furthermore, we show that this equivalence is suited to security and privacy problems expressed as an equivalence problem in the following senses: (1) being a bisimilarity is a safe choice since it does not miss attacks based on rich strategies; (2) being a congruence it enables a compositional approach to proving certain equivalence problems such as unlinkability; and (3) being the coarsest such bisimilarity congruence it can establish proofs of some privacy properties where finer equivalences fail to do so.

Joint Invariants of Linear Symplectic Actions

We review computations of joint invariants on a linear symplectic space, discuss variations for an extension of group and space and relate this to other equivalence problems and approaches, most importantly to differential invariants.

In-Vitro Comparative Quality Assessment of Different Brands of Doxycycline Hyclate Finished Dosage Forms: Capsule and Tablet in Jimma Town, South Weast Ethiopia

Persistent post market quality evaluation helps produce clear information on the current quality status of the different brands of a given drug and hence introduces biopharmaceutically and therapeutically equivalent list of the products to the prescribers and users of it. This in turn facilitates access to essential medicines by breaking the high cost barrier imposed by few expensive brands of the product. This study was aimed at determining the quality and evaluating equivalence of doxycycline hyclate capsules and tablets in Jimma, Ethiopia. Ten brands of doxycycline hyclate capsules and tablets were tested for physic-chemical parameters. All investigated brands of doxycycline complied with the USP for dosage unifor¬mity, assay of active ingredient and single-point dissolution tests. One brand, D09 failed both hardness and friabilty tests. Comparisons of dissolution profiles applying fit factors confirmed that only brands D04, D06 and D07 had similarity with innovator. Ratio test approaches also showed significant variability existence between test products and comparators. This may question the product’s being categorized as a <biowaiver> to mean in-vitro dissolution evaluation suffices its market approval. This work, however, found equivalence problems between ‘comparators’ and interchangeability issues among doxycycline different brands already distributed in the market.