extremophilic fungi
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Marine Drugs ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Lesley-Ann Giddings ◽  
David J. Newman

Marine environments are underexplored terrains containing fungi that produce a diversity of natural products given unique environmental pressures and nutrients. While bacteria are commonly the most studied microorganism for natural products in the marine world, marine fungi are also abundant but remain an untapped source of bioactive metabolites. Given that their terrestrial counterparts have been a source of many blockbuster antitumor agents and anti-infectives, including camptothecin, the penicillins, and cyclosporin A, marine fungi also have the potential to produce new chemical scaffolds as leads to potential drugs. Fungi are more phylogenetically diverse than bacteria and have larger genomes that contain many silent biosynthetic gene clusters involved in making bioactive compounds. However, less than 5% of all known fungi have been cultivated under standard laboratory conditions. While the number of reported natural products from marine fungi is steadily increasing, their number is still significantly lower compared to those reported from their bacterial counterparts. Herein, we discuss many varied cytotoxic and anti-infective fungal metabolites isolated from extreme marine environments, including symbiotic associations as well as extreme pressures, temperatures, salinity, and light. We also discuss cultivation strategies that can be used to produce new bioactive metabolites or increase their production. This review presents a large number of reported structures though, at times, only a few of a large number of related structures are shown.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 11020
Author(s):  
Peter M. EZE ◽  
Ying GAO ◽  
Yang LIU ◽  
Lasse Van GEELEN ◽  
Chika P. EJIKEUGWU ◽  
...  

Extremophilic fungi have received considerable attention recently as new promising sources of biologically active compounds with potential pharmaceutical applications. This study investigated the secondary metabolites of a marine-derived Penicillium ochrochloron isolated from underwater sea sand collected from the North Sea in St. Peter-Ording, Germany. Standard techniques were used for fungal isolation, taxonomic identification, fermentation, extraction, and isolation of fungal secondary metabolites. Chromatographic separation and spectroscopic analyses of the fungal secondary metabolites yielded eight compounds: talumarin A (1), aspergillumarin A (2), andrastin A (3), clavatol (4), 3-acetylphenol (5), methyl 2,5-dihydro-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-3-phenyl-2-furanpropanoate (6), emodin (7) and 2-chloroemodin (8). After co-cultivation with Bacillus subtilis, the fungus was induced to express (-)-striatisporolide A (9). Compound 1 was evaluated for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, Mycobacterium smegmatis, and M. tuberculosis, as well as cytotoxicity against THP-1 cells. The compound, however, was not cytotoxic to THP-1 cells and had no antibacterial activity against the microorganisms tested. The compounds isolated from P. ochrochloron in this study are well-known compounds with a wide range of beneficial biological properties that can be explored for pharmaceutical, agricultural, or industrial applications. This study highlights the bioprospecting potential of marine fungi and confirms co-cultivation as a useful strategy for the discovery of new natural products.


Author(s):  
Chuks Kenneth Odoh ◽  
Chinonye Jennifer Obi ◽  
Anyah Francis ◽  
Unah Victor Unah ◽  
Kingsley Egbe ◽  
...  

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Blachowicz ◽  
Abby J. Chiang ◽  
Andreas Elsaesser ◽  
Markus Kalkum ◽  
Pascale Ehrenfreund ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  

Marine Drugs ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuan Zhang ◽  
Shou-Jie Li ◽  
Jin-Jie Li ◽  
Zi-Zhen Liang ◽  
Chang-Qi Zhao

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 365-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hana Hršelová ◽  
Martina Hujslová ◽  
Milan Gryndler

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