Expression Analysis of DgD14, DgBRC1 and DgLsL in the Process of Chrysanthemum Lateral Bud Formation

The growth of lateral bud can greatly affect the development of apical bud and reduce the quality of single-flower cut chrysanthemum. However, the wide use of artificial bud removal in production leads to the increase on production cost. Therefore, it is important to study the lateral bud development mechanism in chrysanthemum for plant type regulation and genetic improvement. Auxin (IAA), cytokinins (CKs) and strigolactones (SLs) have direct or indirect effects on the formation of lateral buds. D14, BRC1 and LsL are key factors regulating the signal pathways of hormones, but their regulation mechanisms on the development of lateral buds in chrysanthemum are still unclear. In this study, single-flower cut chrysanthemum ‘Jinba’ and spray cut chrysanthemum ‘Fenyan’ were used as experimental materials. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to observe the effects of apical bud removal and exogenous hormones on the growth of lateral buds and the expression levels of DgD14, DgBRC1 and DgLsL, so as to clarify the expression characteristics of three genes in the process of lateral bud formation. The results showed that GA was effective in promoting the growth of lateral buds, whereas IAA and ABA had little effects on lateral bud growth or even inhibited. Removing apical dominance can significantly affect the expression levels of three genes, which regulated the formation and elongation of lateral buds. Additionally, the three genes showed different responses to different hormone treatments. DgD14 had a significant response to GA, but a gentle response to ABA. The expression levels of DgBRC1 varied in different trends, and it responded to IAA in a more dramatic way. The levels of DgLsL reached the peaks quickly before decreased in most experimental groups, and its response to GA was extraordinary severe.

Brassinosteroid signaling integrates multiple pathways to release apical dominance in tomato

The control of apical dominance involves auxin, strigolactones (SLs), cytokinins (CKs), and sugars, but the mechanistic controls of this regulatory network are not fully understood. Here, we show that brassinosteroid (BR) promotes bud outgrowth in tomato through the direct transcriptional regulation of BRANCHED1 (BRC1) by the BR signaling component BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT1 (BZR1). Attenuated responses to the removal of the apical bud, the inhibition of auxin, SLs or gibberellin synthesis, or treatment with CK and sucrose, were observed in bud outgrowth and the levels of BRC1 transcripts in the BR-deficient or bzr1 mutants. Furthermore, the accumulation of BR and the dephosphorylated form of BZR1 were increased by apical bud removal, inhibition of auxin, and SLs synthesis or treatment with CK and sucrose. These responses were decreased in the DELLA-deficient mutant. In addition, CK accumulation was inhibited by auxin and SLs, and decreased in the DELLA-deficient mutant, but it was increased in response to sucrose treatment. CK promoted BR synthesis in axillary buds through the action of the type-B response regulator, RR10. Our results demonstrate that BR signaling integrates multiple pathways that control shoot branching. Local BR signaling in axillary buds is therefore a potential target for shaping plant architecture.

The Dental Complications of Canine Tooth Bud Removal in 2-12 Years Old Children in North West Ethiopia

Abstract Objective: Canine tooth bud removal is a process of gouging out an infant’s canine tooth buds, using unsterile tools such as Sharpe blade, garlic, or knitting needle, without anesthesia. The aim of the study was to reveal dental complications of canine tooth bud removal among children visited the dental clinic of the University of Gondar hospital. This study was an institution-based cross-sectional conducted from January 2015-September 2016 at university of Gondar hospital on 2-12 years children. The tooth was assessed for whether it had previously oral mutilated or not. In addition to this, the oral cavity was evaluated for the presence of missed, malformed or normal canine Results : A group of 355 children aged 2-12 years was examined clinically. The mean age of the children was 7.32±3.12 (SD). The prevalence of canine tooth bud removal was 86.8% which was high in 6-9 years old (54.87%) and first position children (40.26%). The most common dental complications were; malformed enamel (hypoplastic) canine (48.5%) and missed/Unerupted canine (38.6%).

The Dental Complications of Canine Tooth Bud Removal in 2-12 Years Old Children in North West Ethiopia

Objective: Canine tooth bud removal is a process of gouging out an infant’s canine tooth buds, using unsterile tools such as Sharpe blade, garlic, or knitting needle, without anesthesia. The aim of the study was to reveal dental complications of canine tooth bud removal among children visited the dental clinic of the University of Gondar hospital. This study was an institution-based cross-sectional conducted from January 2015-September 2016 at university of Gondar hospital on 2-12 years children. The tooth was assessed for whether it had previously oral mutilated or not. In addition to this, the oral cavity was evaluated for the presence of missed, malformed or normal canine Results : A group of 355 children aged 2-12 years was examined clinically. The mean age of the children was 7.32±3.12 (SD). The prevalence of canine tooth bud removal was 86.8% which was high in 6-9 years old (54.87%) and first position children (40.26%). The most common dental complications were; malformed enamel (hypoplastic) canine (48.5%) and missed/Unerupted canine (38.6%).

The dental complications of canine tooth bud removal in 2–12 years old children in Northwest Ethiopia

Objective Canine tooth bud removal is a process of gouging out an infant’s canine tooth buds, using unsterile tools such as Sharpe blade, garlic, or knitting needle, without anesthesia. The aim of the study was to reveal dental complications of canine tooth bud removal among children who visited the dental clinic of the University of Gondar hospital. This study was an institution-based cross-sectional conducted from January 2015 to September 2016 at the University of Gondar hospital on 2–12 years children. The tooth was assessed for whether it had previously oral mutilated or not. In addition to this, the oral cavity was evaluated for the presence of missed, malformed or normal canine. Results A group of 355 children aged 2–12 years was examined clinically. The mean age of the children was 7.32 ± 3.12 (SD). The prevalence of canine tooth bud removal was 86.8% which was high in 6–9 years old (54.87%) and first position children (40.26%). The most common dental complications were; malformed enamel (hypoplastic) canine (48.5%) and missed/unerupted canine (38.6%).

The Dental complications of canine tooth bud removal in 2-12 years old children in North West Ethiopia

Abstract Objective: Canine tooth bud removal is a process of gouging out an infant’s canine tooth buds, using unsterile tools such as Sharpe blade, garlic, or knitting needle, without anesthesia. The aim of the study was to reveal dental complications of canine tooth bud removal among children visited the dental clinic of the University of Gondar hospital. This study was an institution-based cross-sectional conducted from January 2015-September 2016 at university of Gondar hospital on 2-12 years children. The tooth was assessed for whether it had previously oral mutilated or not. In addition to this, the oral cavity was evaluated for the presence of missed, malformed or normal canine Results : A group of 355 children aged 2-12 years was examined clinically. The mean age of the children was 7.32±3.12 (SD). The prevalence of canine tooth bud removal was 86.8% which was high in 6-9 years old (54.87%) and first position children (40.26%). The most common dental complications were; malformed enamel (hypoplastic) canine (48.5%) and missed/Unerupted canine (38.6%).

The Dental complications of canine tooth bud removal in 2-12 years old children in North West Ethiopia

Objective: Canine tooth bud removal is a process of gouging out an infant’s canine tooth buds, using unsterile tools such as Sharpe blade, garlic, or knitting needle, without anesthesia. The aim of the study was to reveal dental complications of canine tooth bud removal among children visited the dental clinic of the University of Gondar hospital. This study was an institution-based cross-sectional conducted from January 2015-September 2016 at university of Gondar hospital on 2-12 years children. The tooth was assessed for whether it had previously oral mutilated or not. In addition to this, the oral cavity was evaluated for the presence of missed, malformed or normal canine Results: A group of 355 children aged 2-12 years was examined clinically. The mean age of the children was 7.32±3.12 (SD). The prevalence of canine tooth bud removal was 86.8% which was high in 6-9 years old (54.87%) and first position children (40.26%). The most common dental complications were; malformed enamel (hypoplastic) canine (48.5%) and missed/Unerupted canine (38.6%).