Extraction of Cu(II) From Acidic Sulfate Media by Palm Kernel Fatty Acid Distillate: Stoichiometry and Thermodynamic Studies

In efforts to develop a novel low-cost and eco-friendly organic solvent, namely, palm kernel fatty acid distillate (PKFAD), with free fatty acids (FFAs) as the active components, for Cu(II) extraction from acidic sulfate media, this work aimed to gain insight into the stoichiometry of Cu(II)-FFA complexes (extracted species) in PKFAD and their extraction thermodynamics. The former was explored by both the equilibrium slope and numerical analyses, while the latter was determined from the extraction of Cu(II) by PKFAD at different temperatures. Both the equilibrium slope and numerical analyses revealed that the stoichiometry of Cu(II)-FFA complexes in PKFAD was 1:6, whereas the thermodynamic study indicated that Cu(II) extraction by PKFAD was exothermic, nonspontaneous, and enthalpy-driven over the temperature range studied. A plausible structure of Cu(II)-FFA complexes in PKFAD was also postulated based on the thermodynamic data obtained.

toekoms van die Afrikaanse gereformeerde kerke in Suid-Afrika

The future of the Afrikaans reformed churches in South Africa: possible, probable and desirable optionsIn 1994, South Africa experienced a radical paradigm shift which in some ways led Afrikaans reformed churches into a state of semi-paralysis. Over the past twenty-six years the church has had to deal with the resultant fallout. The fact that many setbacks had been overcome successfully, is an encouraging indication that the church has the potential of a brighter future. Bosch stated that as long as one lives and thinks within the patterns of a given paradigm, then that paradigm provides one with a plausible structure according to which all reality is interpreted. The quintessential question would be: what is the preferred future vision for the Afrikaans reformed churches? How is the journey to 2030 and 2040 mapped out? These answers will partly determine the outcome. When one evaluates the current situation, both positive and negative aspects have to be considered. The key question is, how can the positives be optimised, and the negatives minimised? With vision and scenario planning and the detailed consideration of possible, probable and preferable outcomes, an exciting future becomes possible. The challenges of membership, finances, consumerism and also Covid-19 can also be overcome. More informal church practises for those on the fringes are opening new opportunities globally – as expressed by for instance the Fresh Expression Movement. A new and vigorous focus on relationships, care, community involvement and friendship missions may result in fulfilling the vision of the Afrikaans reformed churches. With compassion in action, Afrikaans reformed churches can in some ways blossom over the next two decades.

ISOLATION AND PRESENCE OF ANTIMALARIAL ACTIVITIES OF MARINE SPONGE Xestospongia sp.

Plasmodium falciparum, the agent of malignant malaria, is one of mankind's most severe scourges, mainly in the tropic world. Efforts to develop preventive vaccines or remedial drugs are handicapped by the parasite's rapid evolution of drug resistance. Here, we presented an advance work on examination of antimalarial component from marine life of Xestospongia sp., the study is based on hexane extraction method. The premier result, we obtained five fractions. Among these five fractions, the fourth has the most potent inhibitory against the growth of P. falciparum 3D7 with an IC50: 7.13 µg/mL. A compiled spectrum analysis, FTIR, 1H-NMR and GC-MS, revealed that the fourth fraction consisted abundantly of two secondary metabolites such as flavonoids and triterpenoids. Finally, our results suggest a plausible structure rooted to the base of ibuprofen.

Titanium(IV) Complexes of Bifunctional Tridentate or Tetradentate Schiff Bases

Reactions of titanium isopropoxide with bifunctional tridentate Schiff bases, such as salicylidene-o-aminophenol, acetylacetone-o-aminophenol and benzoylacetone-o-aminophenol and bifunctional tetradentate Schiff bases, such as bis-acetylacetone ethylenediimine, bis-benzoylacetone ethylenediimine, bis-salicylaldehyde ethylenediamine and glyoxal-o-aminohpenol have been investigated in different stoichiometrc ratios. The resulting products Ti (OPri) 2 (SB), Ti (SB) 2, Ti (OPri) 2 (S′B′), Ti (OPri) 2 (S″B″) and Ti (OPri) (S″B″) (S″B″H) (where SBH2 = bifunctional tridentate Schiff base, S′B′H2 = bis-acetylacetone or bis-benzoylacetone ethylenediimine and S″B″H2 = bis-salicylaldehyde ethylenediamine or glyoxal-o-aminophenol) have been isolated in almost quantitative yields. The molecular weights of the products soluble in benzene have been determined ebullioscopically and plausible structure indicated. The thermogravimetric analysis of the salicylidine-o-aminophenol derivatives has also been carried out.

LYCOPODIUM ALKALOIDS: XVI. ANNOTINE

Annotine, C16H21O3N, is shown to be pentacyclic and to contain a tertiary hydroxyl group, a lactone function, a tertiary nitrogen atom, and a dialkylated double bond. The position of the double bond and the tertiary hydroxyl group relative to the nitrogen atom has been established by Emde degradation of annotine methiodide. The presence of a lactone function is inferred from the reduction of annotine to dihydroannotinol, a hemiacetal, which reacts with 1 mole of ethyl mercaptan. The reduction of the lactone to a diol in an annotine derivative has been carried out. The chemical studies and the examination of annotine and its derivatives by modern instrumental methods allow the assignment of a plausible structure to the alkaloid.

ANOLOBINE, AN ALKALOID FROM ASIMINA TRILOBA DUNAL

An alkaloid, for which the name anolobine is now suggested, has been isolated from the bark of Asimina triloba Dunal, the North American papaw. It is best represented by C17H17O3N and contains one phenolic hydroxyl group. Gaebel's reaction indicates a methylenedioxy group. The nitrogen is secondary. Exhaustive methylation and oxidation of the final vinyl compound has yielded 4-methoxyphthalic acid, and this observation together with a knowledge of analogous alkaloids from related plants has made it possible to designate a highly plausible structure for anolobine. A glycoside was found in the leaves although it does not appear to be present in the bark.