Logical Reasoning for Forecasting in Mesopotamia

In this paper, I show that a kind of perfect logical competence is observed in the Babylonian tablets used for forecasting. In these documents, we see an intuition of some algebraic structures that are used for inferring prognoses as logical conclusions. The paper is based mainly on the omen series reconstructed by N. De Zorzi. It is shown that in composing these divination lists there was implicitly used the Boolean algebra.

Criteria and levels of formation of the logical competence to design mobile computer applications

Problem and goal. The article deals with the problem of formation of logical competence in the design of mobile applications for future teachers of informatics. From the position of the competence approach in the structure of logical competence in the design of mobile applications are allocated motivational, cognitive, activity, communicative, reflexive components. Special attention is paid to the criteria and levels of formation of logical competence of future teachers of informatics in the design of mobile applications. Methodology. To diagnose the degree of formation of logical competence in the design of mobile applications are three levels: reproductive, productive and creative. Results. Five criteria aimed at determining the degree of understanding and application of the logical-algebraic apparatus in the development of mobile applications, generating new knowledge based on the experience and the possibility of applying the experience in the professional field are formulated. The article provides an example of determining the degree of formation of logical competence for the design of mobile applications. Conclusion. Reproductive and productive levels demonstrate the ability of students to design mobile applications based on a ready-made template or instructions. Creative level is the highest level of formation of logical competence of the student, indicating the ability to create mobile applications at a professional level on the basis of experience.

Peran dan Pengaruh Filsafat dan Logika dalam Metode Istinbāth Hukum Islam

Muslim scholars argue that the relationship between usul fiqh, philosophy, and logic is ‘alāqah ihtiyājiyyah manhājiyyah (methodological need relationship) because the legal ground in the theory of usul fiqh is not only derived from the scripture (naqlī) such as the Qur’an and Hadits but also from logic (‘aqlī). In order to have more understanding in the textual reason (naqlī), it requires logical reason or logical competence. This paper attempts to analyze critically and comprehensively such relationship so it will be revealed the position of philosophy and logic in Islamic law. This is important since Muslims still view that philosophy and logic are irrelevant with Islam. This study demonstrates that the relationship between philosophy and logic with Islamic law is very strong because the methodology of Islamic law (usul fiqh) accommodate them. So it is a methodological relationship. Thus, claiming that these two disciplines are forbidden in Islam, as Muslims may assume, is untenable. In contrast, they are an important element in the Islamic legal system. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v19i1.1252

Cooperative versus adversarial communication; contextual embedding versus disengagement

Subjects exhibiting logical competence choices, for example, in Wason's selection task, are exhibiting an important skill. We take issue with the idea that this skill is individualistic and must be selected for at some different level than System 1 skills. Our case redraws System 1/2 boundaries, and reconsiders the relationship of competence model to skill.

Précis ofDeduction

How do people make deductions? The orthodox view in psychology is that they use formal rules of inference like those of a “natural deduction” system.Deductionargues that their logical competence depends, not on formal rules, but on mental models. They construct models of the situation described by the premises, using their linguistic knowledge and their general knowledge. They try to formulate a conclusion based on these models that maintains semantic information, that expresses it parsimoniously, and that makes explicit something not directly stated by any premise. They then test the validity of the conclusion by searching for alternative models that might refute the conclusion. The theory also resolves long-standing puzzles about reasoning, including how nonmonotonic reasoning occurs in daily life. The book reports experiments on all the main domains of deduction, including inferences based on prepositional connectives such as “if” and “or,” inferences based on relations such as “in the same place as,” inferences based on quantifiers such as “none,” “any,” and “only,” and metalogical inferences based on assertions about the true and the false. Where the two theories make opposite predictions, the results confirm the model theory and run counter to the formal rule theories. Without exception, all of the experiments corroborate the two main predictions of the model theory: inferences requiring only one model are easier than those requiring multiple models, and erroneous conclusions are usually the result of constructing only one of the possible models of the premises.