Awareness Growth and Belief Revision

The problem of awareness growth, also known as the problem of new hypotheses, is a persistent challenge to Bayesian theories of rational belief and decision making. Cases of awareness growth include coming to consider a completely new possibility (called expansion), or coming to consider finer distinctions through the introduction of a new partition (called refinement). Recent work has centred on Reverse Bayesianism, a proposal for rational awareness growth due to Karni and Vierø. This essay develops a "Reserve Bayesian" position and defends it against two challenges. The first, due to Anna Mahtani, says that Reverse Bayesian approaches yield the wrong result in cases where the growth of awareness constitutes an expansion relative to one partition, but a refinement relative to a different partition. The second, due to Steele and Stefánsson, says that Reverse Bayesian approaches cannot deal with new propositions that are evidentially relevant to old propositions. I argue that these challenges confuse questions of belief revision with questions of awareness change. Mahtani’s cases reveal that the change of awareness itself requires a model which specifies how propositions in the agent’s old algebra are identified with propositions in the new algebra. I introduce a lattice-theoretic model for this purpose, which resolves Mahtani’s problem cases and some of Steele and Stefánsson’s cases. Applying my model of awareness change, then Reverse Bayesianism, and then a generalised belief revision procedure, resolves Steele and Stefánsson’s remaining cases. In demonstrating this, I introduce a simple and general model of belief revision in the face of new information about previously unknown propositions.

PENGARUH KOMUNIKASI DOKTER TERHADAP KESEMBUHAN PASIEN RAWAT JALAN

A well constructed communications between doctorand patient is one of the keys to successful doctorsin providing medical service efforts. Unsuccessfuldoctor medical problems if communicated well willnot give rise to a dispute, but rather a medicalsuccess achieved whatsoever if it is notcommunicated, and patients feel not satisfied canalso give rise to disputes or medical disputes. In the profession of medicine communicationbetween doctors and patients is the mostimportant component and is important in giving thewaiter points towards the patient. The effectivenessof communication between doctor and patient willcreate success in the process of patient care,treatment given aims to improve the health statusof the patient. Health communication include the utilization ofservices of communication to convey messages andinfluence the decision making process related tohealth management and enhancement efforts byindividuals and community. In addition, it alsoincludes health communication activitiesdisseminate information about health to thecommunity in order to be achieved conduct healthyliving, creating awareness, change attitudes andmotivate individuals to adopt the recommendedhealthy behaviors become the main purpose of health communication.

People, Environment, and Future Sebuah Tinjauan atas Kesimpulan Pesimis Mengenai Lingkungan Hidup dan Masa Depan Manusia

The study on the environment continuously attracted the attention of many people. The studies are generally based on a sense of concern over the condition of the natural environment and the future of mankind, that is an inseparable part of the natural environment as a whole. From the various existing studies, there is a rather pessimistic and also a more optimistic to look at the future of human beings in relation to the natural environment. One of the pessimistic conclusion is the result of a study conducted by Heilbroner, who analyze a variety of facts and trends that continue to occur, ranging from the rapid increase in population of the world, environmental problems as well as the war, which was the unintended consequences could be avoided. From the results of his analysis Heilbroner finally came to the pessimists conclusion that no hope for the future of mankind. This conclusion has provoked a lot of debate, associated with the accuracy-related challenges he pointed out, as well as his pessimistic projection about the future of mankind. Based on the review conducted over this negative conclusion it is known that there are the possibility for human beings to be able to fix the situation, raise awareness, change attitudes, do something radically which gives positive impact to the safety of the environment. By making the study of Heilbroner as a criticism and the triggers for the emergence of higher concern for the environment, we can hope that there is still hope for mankind to a better future.