THE IMPLICITNESS PHENOMENON IN LINGUISTIC STUDIES: TRADITIONAL AND MODERN APPROACHES

Статья посвящена изучению научных подходов к феномену имплицитности, представленных в трудах Ч.С. Пирса, Г.П. Грайса и его последователей, в работах Тверской психолингвистической школы под руководством А.А. Залевской. Проведённые исследования доказывают наличие имплицитного выводного компонента в динамической структуре значения единицы языка, активируемого в процессе естественной коммуникации. Имплицитное знание представляет собой интегративную структуру, составную часть внутреннего контекста индивида, репрезентирующую сформированный ранее оптимальный способ идентификации значения познающим субъектом. The article is devoted to the investigation of scientific approaches to the implicitness phenomenon, presented in the works of Ch.S. Peirce, H.P. Grice and his followers, the researches of the Tver School of Psycholinguistics headed by A.A. Zalevskaya. The studies carried out prove the presence of an implicit component in the dynamic structure of a language unit meaning, activated in the process of live communication. Implicit (inferential) knowledge is an integrative structure, an integral part of the internal context of an individual (term by A.A. Zalevskaya), representing the previously formed efficient way of identifying meaning which a person comprehends.

"China" as an Analytical Concept: A New Beginning for Chinese Political Science

The emergence in recent years of a large number of institutional concepts in the world of Chinese political science indicates that Chinese political science is experiencing an "internal shift" that is different from the complete Westernization of the past. Chinese political scientists are seeking theoretical explanations for China's political development based on China's internal context and are looking to provide intellectual arguments for China's modern state building. In this paper, it is proposed that the core of this internal shift of Chinese political science is the consciousness of "China" as an analytical concept, and that China is not only an object of description, but also an analytical perspective for explaining "what is China". Such a view is different from that held by the European and American left and pure traditional researchers or reactionists. On the one hand, this paradigm provides more universal political knowledge in the sense of comparative political science; on the other hand, it can advance Chinese political research by drawing a clearer and more accurate knowledge map of Chinese politics. The emergence of institutional concepts in Chinese political science implies that Chinese political science as a discipline is increasingly moving from the "form" of discipline establishment to the "content" of "what is China". This signifies a real new beginning.

Bi-level perception and color modes. Contrast ratio and complementarity of colors

For the “Self”, color is a color text, a structure consisting of two elements: internal context (content: tone, saturation, brightness) and external context (conditions under which color actualizes in a situation: lightness, proximity, etc.). Perception of the color is when the content overlays the conditions. The modes of color are revealed depending on the ratio of indicated contexts. There are three color modes: visible, invisible, and colorless. The goal of this article is to describe the color modes, and their correlation with contrast and complementarity of colors, what entails bi-level perception of color. The article employs situational and phenomenological approaches. Visible color for the “Self” occurs when the internal context completely overlays the external context. Invisible color occurs in the presence of internal context and absence of one or more external factors: no tone, no contrast with background, etc. “Colorless” mode occurs when the internal context is not fully set in the situation of presence of the external context: no tone, saturation, or brightness. Color in the “colorless” mode is achromatic. The compatibility of separate colors within the color text leads to the phenomena of complementarity and contrast ratio, which are interrelated with the color modes. There are two levels of color perception: 1) fundamental, i.e. is the perception of achromatic color with gradations from sharply white to pure black; gray color with varying degrees of brightness is present in chromatic colors (as the “base”); 2) perception of the chromatic colors, founded on the colorless “base”. Such bi-level perception of color is substantiated by the fact that the consciousness seeks harmony and balance, i.e. minimization of perception of the visual.

Innovation Ecosystems in the Automotive Industry between Opportunities and Limitations

The creation of effective innovation ecosystems (IES) at the national or sectoral level remains a difficult and not always feasible task. Basing on evidence from the Brazilian automotive industry, a case of unused opportunities for building a strong IES is considered. This is due to the insensitivity of such ecosystems to new complicated configurations and the formats of non-traditional interaction that they suggest - a “new ecology of competition”, etc. The internal context of companies in relation to the practice of open innovation has been studied. Despite joint projects with close value chain partners, carmakers are showing a closed attitude to external collaboration, unlike players in industries such as aerospace or information and communications technology that gained growth and major transformation by building a broader IES. Only a high demand from the government for creating a strong IES can change the situation.

The Paradox of Victims’ Perceptions and Knowledge against Flood Causes

This study aims to unravel the paradox of perceptions and knowledge of the flood victims towards the causes of the disaster in the context of internal and external. Internal context comprises of a comparison of perceptions and knowledge based on individual characteristics (age, gender, education and income). Whereas, the external context includes the factors of the awareness of the victims towards the amount of rainfall, the impact of land use changes as well as the negligence of the responsible parties. The main objective of this study is to determine the differences of perception and knowledge of December 2014 flood victims in Kelantan towards the factors that lead to the flood. This disaster had resulted in huge amount of money lost as well as traumatize the victims in which can be felt to this day. Since that incident, there were various points of view and different perceptions in finding the cause of the disaster occurred. Besides that, the study found that the level of perception and knowledge as to the cause of the disaster is different in the context of the internal (individual characteristics). This difference has a significant influence on the awareness of the causes of the floods that occurred in the external context. Significant relationships at the level of p<0.05 has existed between perception and knowledge of the causes of the disaster victims affected by environmental changes in the last 10 years. This indicates that although the victim is aware of the physical environment changes happening around them, but all that is seen is not a major contributing factor to the cause of the floods in Kelantan in 2014.

HERMENEUTIKA NASHR HAMID ABU ZAYD: Analisis Hadis-Hadis Perceraian

<p class="06IsiAbstrak"><span lang="EN-GB">Perceraian tentu tidak diharapkan oleh keluarga mana pun, kecuali jika memang keadaan telah mendesak. Bahkan, Nabi menjelaskan bahwa meskipun perceraian adalah perkara yang diperbolehkan, namun ia merupakan masalah yang paling dibenci Tuhan. Dua persoalan yang selalu dibahas adalah tentang hak mengajukan perceraian dan konsep talak tiga, yang hingga kini dirasa lebih menguntungkan pihak suami. Artikel ini bertujuan mengkaji kembali beragam hal pokok dalam masalah perceraian yang berkaitan dengan tatanan masyarakat modern. Beberapa masalah yang dimaksud adalah hak menginisiasi perceraian, maksud talak tiga, dan rujuk. Hermeneutika Nashr Hamid Abu Zayd digunakan sebagai pisau bedahnya. Penggunaan hermeneutika Abu Zayd dalam masalah perceraian dianggap sesuai karena hermeneutikanya dikembangkan untuk menjawab kesenjangan-kesenjangan sosial dan HAM, khususnya hal-hal yang berkaitan antara laki-laki dan perempuan, sebagaimana yang dicontohkannya dalam masalah poligami dan hak waris. Dengan menggunakan teori lima konteks hermeneutika Abu Zayd, yaitu konteks sosio-kultural, konteks eksternal, konteks internal, konteks bahasa, dan konteks takwil, penelitian menghasilkan kesimpulan bahwa Islam tidak menghendaki perceraian. Bahkan, dalam bahasa yang lebih ekstrim, dapat dikatakan bahwa perceraian dilarang dalam agama Islam. Nas-nas Islami menunjukkan bagaimana perceraian menjadi pilihan terakhir bagi hubungan suami-istri.</span></p><p class="06IsiAbstrak">[</p><p class="06IsiAbstrak"><strong><span lang="EN-GB">Nashr Hamid Abu Zayd’s Hermeneutics: Analysis Hadiths of Divorce. </span></strong><span lang="EN-GB">It is not expected by any family, unless the circumstances have been urgent. The Prophet explained that although divorce is a permissible issue, it is a decision that God hates the most. Two issue that are always discussed by scholar in this issue are the right to file for divorce and the concept of “talak tiga” (the third divorcing), which is considered favor husbands over wifes. The article was written to reexamine various main divorce issues in modern views. Some of the probles are the right to file for divorce, the purpose of talak tiga, and the reconciliation. For these purposes, the author uses Nashr Hamid Abu Zayd’s hermeneutics as a approach. The use of Abu Zayd’s hermeneutics is divorce issues is approriate, because his hermeneutics were developed to address the social and human right gaps, especially issues relating to men and women, as he exemplified in the problem of polygamy and inhertance rights. By using Abu Zayd’s theory of five hermeneutical contexts, namely the socio-cultural context, external context, internal context, language context, and takwil context, the research resulted in the conclusion that Islam does not want the divorce happen. Even, it can be said that divorce is prohibitted in Islam. Islamic texts show how divorce is the last option for a marriage relationship.</span>]</p>

A biochemically-realisable model of the self-manufacturing cell

As shown by Hofmeyr, the processes in the living cell can be divided into three classes of efficient causes that produce each other, so making the cell closed to efficient causation, the hallmark of an organism. They are the enzyme catalysts of covalent metabolic chemistry, the intracellular milieu that drives the supramolecular processes of chaperone-assisted folding and self-assembly of polypeptides and nucleic acids into functional catalysts and transporters, and the membrane transporters that maintain the intracellular milieu, in particular its electrolyte composition. Each class of efficient cause can be modelled as a relational diagram in the form of a mapping in graph-theoretic form, and a minimal model of a self-manufacturing system that is closed to efficient causation can be constructed from these three mappings using the formalism of relational biology. This Fabrication-Assembly or (F,A)-system serves as an alternative to Robert Rosen's replicative Metabolism-Repair or (M,R)-system, which has been notoriously problematic to realise in terms of real biochemical processes. A key feature of the model is the explicit incorporation of formal cause, which arrests the infinite regress that plagues all relational models of the cell. The (F,A)-system is extended into a detailed formal model of the self-manufacturing cell that has a clear biochemical realisation. This (F,A) cell model allows the interpretation and visualisation of concepts such as the metabolism and repair components of Rosen's (M,R)-system, John von Neumann's universal constructor, Howard Pattee's symbol-function split via the symbol-folding transformation, Marcello Barbieri's genotype-ribotype-phenotype ontology, and Tibor Gánti's chemoton. The (F,A) cell model also teaches us that, from the cell up to ecosystems, human organisations and societies, the internal context that allows members to function efficiently has agency, and should therefore be actively maintained from within by those very members.

Non-financial key performance indicators: what determines the differences in the quality and quantity of the disclosures?

PurposeThe paper aims to examine if corporate characteristics, general contextual factors and the internal context differentiate the quality and quantity of the disclosed non-financial Key Performance Indicators (KPIs).Design/methodology/approachThe study is based on content analysis of the disclosures provided by large public interest entities operating in Poland after the introduction of the Directive 2014/95/EU. The quality of the KPIs disclosures is measured with the disclosure index. Regression analysis and selected statistical tests are used to examine the influence of the selected factors on the differences in the index value and corporate disclosure choices as regards the KPIs.FindingsThe study findings indicate that the sample companies provide a variety of non-financial KPIs in a manner that makes their effective comparison difficult. The research confirms that mainly industry, ecologists and the reporting standard determine the significant differences in the quality of the KPIs disclosures and the quantity of presented KPIs.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper adds to the understanding of the differences in the quality of KPIs presentation and the choice of disclosed KPIs.Practical implicationsThe paper includes suggestions on how to change corporate practice with regard to the non-financial KPIs disclosures.Originality/valueWe shed additional light on the importance of internal contextual factors such as the reporting standard and the reporters' experience in providing non-financial KPIs disclosures.

Bachelor degree university program: common context of learning entrepreneurship courses

The article is devoted to the internal context dependence of the training courses studied under the entrepreneurship program in the bachelor’s degree. Unlike other approaches, the authors extend the context dependence to any training courses included in the training program. Approaches to the study of the management cycle of training courses by future entrepreneurs are analyzed. Using the example of structuring the content of the training course “Human Resource Management”, it is shown how the training program should be oriented to form the general professional competencies necessary for graduates to have a successful career in entrepreneurship. The article has practical significance, since the developed approach to teaching disciplines was successfully used in real business in competitive conditions, as well as theoretical significance, due to the contribution of the conclusions obtained in the article to the development of scientific ideas about the place of entrepreneurship in the educational process and the connection with the taught disciplines of the management cycle with the training of future entrepreneurs. The use of this article can also help educational organizations, including universities and colleges, to develop educational programs in which the content of management disciplines would be focused on teaching entrepreneurship as a profession. What has already been implemented in the practice of the Synergy University.