Does the evolution of division of labour require accelerating returns from individual specialisation?

Recent theory has overturned the assumption that accelerating returns from individual specialisation are required to favour the evolution of division of labour. Yanni et al. (2020) showed that topologically constrained groups, where cells cooperate with only direct neighbours such as for filaments or branching growths, can evolve a reproductive division of labour even with diminishing returns from individual specialisation. We developed a conceptual framework and specific models to investigate the factors that can favour the initial evolution of reproductive division of labour. We found that selection for division of labour in topologically constrained groups: (1) is not a single mechanism to favour division of labour – depending upon details of the group structure, division of labour can be favoured for different reasons; (2) always involves an efficiency benefit at the level of group fitness; and (3) requires a mechanism of coordination to determine which individuals perform which tasks. Given that such coordination is unlikely to evolve before division of labour, this limits the extent to which topological constraints could have favoured the initial evolution of division of labour. We conclude by suggesting experimental designs that could determine why division of labour is favoured in the natural world.

ANALISIS PENERAPAN SISTEM PENGENDALIAN INTERNAL PEMBERIAN KREDIT USAHA KECIL MENENGAH PADA PT. BANK TABUNGAN NEGARA CABANG TERNATE

In granting loans bank has a risk of bad credit. Internal control is the methods used to coordinate a company to achieve the corporate goals which include organizational structure division of authority, established procedures, and healthy practices. this is done to minimize the risk of bad credit. Banks must be able to detect bad loans first so as not to cause bank losses. The direction of this research is to find out the application of internal control based on credit at PT. Bank Tabungan Negara Ternate. The research method used in this research is a qualitative method. The results of research related to the internal receivable control system has been carried out well in accordance with the elements of internal control of COSO including the control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication, monitoring.Keywords: Internal Control, Granting Credit

Advisory bodies and their role in the organizational structure of the public broadcaster

Governance of a media company, particularly a public broadcaster, is subject to the applicable legal solutions, the economic situation of the company, the accepted management concept of this type of organization. Also of significance is the issue of the broadcaster’s organizational structure, division of powers and the terms of reference of individual divisions. A specific characteristic of the organizational structure of public radio and television in Poland is the existence of Programme boards, as units empowered by the authorities to actively participate in the company management. Referring to the activities of the Polish Television SA, this paper discusses issues related to institutional models of public media and the mutual relationships between the governing bodies of the company. Considering the subject of the publication, special attention was paid to the roles, significance and practices utilized by the programme boards in performing their tasks.

Religion and Globalization in Laos

According to Eurocentric sociology, modernization is supposed to make religion secular, a functional system, or a private matter. A closer analysis of the impact of contemporary globalization on religion in Laos shows that these tendencies can only be observed in certain social groups and in certain realms of religion. Some social groups preserve or reinvent religious traditions, others construct a new identity, and some do tend towards secularism or differentiation. The paper investigates these tendencies, referring to an empirical case study. It proposes to explain them within a conceptual framework adapted to societies of the global South which focuses on the concepts of social structure, division of work, socioculture, and institution. On the basis of these concepts, the paper proposes to distinguish between different religious realms, namely, belief, performance, and knowledge. In each of these three realms, different tendencies and social distributions can be observed.