The Synthesis of Glycerol Carbonate from Glycerol and Dimethyl Carbonate in the Presence of Strongly Basic Anion-Exchange Styrene-Divinylbenzene Anionites Dowex

The synthesis of glycerol carbonate from glycerol and dimethyl carbonate in the presence of strongly basic styrene-divinylbenzene anionites Dowex 1×2, Dowex 1×4 and Dowex 1×8 in the –OH form with different cross-linking degree of polystyrene matrix (the divinylbenzene content of 2, 4 and 8 wt.%) at 90–105 °C and a dimethyl carbonate/glycerol molar ratio equal to 2 was studied. The yield of glycerol carbonate was shown to decrease with an increase in the cross-linking degree of the anion-exchange resin. The maximum conversion of glycerol (95 %) and selectivity to glycerol carbonate (45.5 %) were observed in the presence of Dowex 1×2 at 105 °C after 5 h of the reaction. Advantages of the studied systems were demonstrated in comparison with the anion-exchange and cationexchange resins proposed in the literature.

Determinación de As(III) y As(V) en los pozos de las plantas de remoción de arsénico de Costa Rica

Se realizó la separación y cuantificación del arsénico soluble, particulado, As(III) y As(V) en los pozos de las seis plantas de remoción de arsénico operadas por AyA en Guanacaste y Alajuela: Bebedero de Cañas, Montenegro y Agua Caliente, Falconiana y Quintas Don Miguel en el cantón de Bagaces y Santa Cecilia de El Amparo y Cristo Rey en Los Chiles. Se empleó la espectrometría de masas con plasma de acoplamiento inductivo (ICP-MS) así como cromatografía de intercambio aniónico (CIA) con resina Dowex 1-X8 de 50 a 100 mallas. Se validó la metodología obteniendo las siguientes figuras de mérito: límite de detección 0,1 μg/L, límite de cuantificación 0,2 μg/L, veracidad de diferentes fracciones y mezclas entre (97-104) %, con coeficientes de variación entre (0,9-12,8) % con coeficientes de variación entre (0,9- 12,8) %, así como una repetibilidad de 0,2% y una repetibilidad intermedia de 0,3% (n=7). Se efectuaron ocho muestreos mensuales y en los seis pozos prevalece el arsénico soluble sobre el particulado. En todos los pozos guanacastecos y en Cristo Rey de Los Chiles predomina As(V) sobre As(III), siendo el As(III) no detectable, detectable o en concentraciones ligeramente superiores al límite de cuantificación. En el caso de Santa Cecilia de El Amparo, hay mezcla de As(III) y As(V) en razones de concentraciones muy similares y predominando uno sobre otro dependiendo del muestreo. Además este pozo es el que posee menor concentración de oxígeno disuelto (1,5 mg/L), mientras que los restantes pozos tienen concentraciones superiores.

Nicotinic acid in nanocontainers. Encapsulation and release from ion exchangers

The paper is devoted to the study of the ion exchange encapsulation of nicotinic acid in nanocontainers on polymer matrices. Dowex-50 cation exchanger, sulphonated polymer based on metacyclophanoctol, polymer zirconium phosphate, and strongly basic Dowex-1 anion exchanger are used as polymer matrices. It was confirmed that commercial ion exchangers can encapsulate up to 0.64 g of nicotinic acid per gram of polymer. The high elution rate of nicotinic acid from nanocontainers via the ion exchange mechanism makes it possible to achieve the desired pharmacokinetics of drug release in vivo.

Production of the positron-emitting radionuclide 68Ga: the radiochemical scheme of radionuclide generator 68Ge → 68Ga

68Ga (T1 / 2 = 68 min) in complexes with peptides is used in positron emission tomography for diagnostics of neuroendocrine tumors. The most promising strategy for 68Ga production is usage of the radionuclide generator 68Ge → 68Ga. In this research, the sorption behavior of Ge(IV) and Ga (III) has been studied. The distribution coefficients (Kd) of Ge(IV) on the anion exchange (Dowex 1×8) and cation exchange (Dowex 50×8) resins in various ethanedioic and hydrochloric acid solutions were determined. For each ion exchange resin, four series of measurements were carried out, in which the concentration of oxalic acid was fixed (0.001 M, 0.003 M, 0.005 M, 0.01 M), and the concentrations of hydrochloric acid ranged from 0 to 3 M. Based on the distribution coefficients, the chemical scheme of the radionuclide generator 68Ge → 68Ga has been developed. The chemical system is based on the anion exchange resin Dowex 1×8 and mixture of 0.005 M C2H2O4 / 0.33 M HCl. Several types of the generators with direct and reverse mode of elution were tested and the optimal scheme was determined. Elution of the generators was performed once a day with 8 ml of 0.005 M C2H2O4 / 0.33 M HCl solution. The 68Ga yield and the 68Ge breakthrough are comparable for all the systems.