Dual electrochemical sensing of spiked virus and SARS-CoV-2 using natural bed-receptor (MV-gal1)

It has been necessary to use methods that can detect the specificity of a virus during virus screening. In this study, we use a dual platform to identify any spiked virus and specific SARS-CoV-2 antigen, sequentially. We introduce a natural bed-receptor surface as Microparticle Vesicle-Galactins1 (MV-gal1) with the ability of glycan binding to screen every spiked virus. MV are the native vesicles which may have the gal-1 receptor. Gal-1 is the one of lectin receptor which can bind to glycan. After dropping the MV-gal1 on the SCPE/GNP, the sensor is turned on due to the increased electrochemical exchange with [Fe(CN)6]−3/−4 probe. Dropping the viral particles of SARS-CoV-2 cause to turn off the sensor with covering the sugar bond (early screening). Then, with the addition of Au/Antibody-SARS-CoV-2 on the MV-gal1@SARS-CoV-2 Antigen, the sensor is turned on again due to the electrochemical amplifier of AuNP (specific detection).For the first time, our sensor has the capacity of screening of any spike virus, and the specific detection of COVID-19 (LOD: 4.57 × 102 copies/mL) by using the natural bed-receptor and a specific antibody in the point of care test.

Dual Electrochemical Sensing of Spiked Virus and SARS-CoV-2 Using Natural Bed-Receptor (MV-gal1)

It has been necessary to use methods that can detect the specificity of a virus during virus screening. In this study, we use a dual platform to identify any spiked virus and specific SARS-CoV-2 antigen, sequentially. We introduce a natural bed-receptor surface as Microparticle Vesicle-Galactins1 (MV-gal1) with the ability of glycan binding to screen every spiked virus. MV are the native vesicles which may have the gal-1receptor. Gal-1 is the one of lectin receptor which can bind to glycan. After dropping the MV-gal1 on the SCPE/GNP, the sensor is turned on due to the increased electrochemical exchange with [Fe(CN)6] -3/-4 probe. Dropping the viral particles of SARS-CoV-2 cause to turn off the sensor with covering the sugar bond (early screening). Then, with the addition of Au /Antibody-SARS-CoV-2 on the MV-gal1@ SARS-CoV-2 Antigen, the sensor is turned on again due to the electrochemical amplifier of AuNP (specific detection). As a result, our sensor has the capacity of screening of every spike virus, and the specific detection of covid-19 (LOD: 4.57 × 102 copies/mL) by using the natural bed-receptor and a specific antibody in the solid biosensor, for the first time.

First record of the seagrass-boring shipworm Zachsia sp. (Bivalve: Teredinidae) in natural and transplanted Enhalus acoroides (Hydrocharitaceae) rhizomes in tropical Southwest Pacific

Seagrass ecosystems are under threat worldwide. Seagrass transplantation is one restoration approach which is has been tried with uneven success. While transplantation methods and oceanographic parameters have been investigated in attempts to understand the factors affecting transplant survival rate and seagrass transplantation success, little attention has been paid to the possible impact of pests. We observed borer molluscs in a seagrass Enhalus acoroides both from natural bed and transplant area. This is thought to be the first record from Indonesian waters of these bivalve molluscs of the genus Zachsia, family Teredinidae, the only mollusc genus known to bore into seagrass rhizomes. In a further eleven E. acoroides shoots (average length 10.5cm) we found between one and four calcareous burrows 2mm to 5mm in diameter inside the rhizome. Further research is required to determine the species present and its distribution in Indonesian waters as well as the true ecological impact of Zachsia sp. on seagrasses.

Turbulence laws in natural bed flows

Characterization of turbulence in natural bed streams is one of the most fascinating problems of fluid dynamics. In this study, a statistical description of turbulence in a natural pebble bed flow is presented applying the laws of turbulence. A laboratory experiment was conducted to measure the three-dimensional instantaneous velocity components in a flow over heterogeneous coarse sediments that simulated a natural bed. The analysis reveals that the spectra (in Fourier space) show a power-law scaling, $E(k)\sim k^{{\it\alpha}}$, suggesting the presence of inertial range turbulence. The exponent ${\it\alpha}$ is slightly shallower than the Kolmogorov $5/3$ scaling law, with this deviation possibly due to the bed roughness heterogeneity and to fluctuation anisotropy. The Taylor frozen-in approximation is broken at smaller scales towards the roughness crest level; therefore, a new statistical tool for the validation of this approximation is proposed. The Kolmogorov $4/5$-law for the longitudinal increments and simultaneously the Monin–Yaglom $4/3$-law for the nonlinear normal fluxes (both in physical space) are preserved, providing an accurate estimation of the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate. The heterogeneity of the bed acts to induce the transport of finite kinetic helicity to the outer layer through persistently prolonged vortices. An associated $2/15$-law for the cascade of helicity has been locally found. These findings open a new direction in turbulence research for flows over highly rough beds.