Evaluating the Economic Cost of Coastal Flooding

Sea level rise will cause spatial shifts in economic activity over the next 200 years. Using a spatially disaggregated, dynamic model of the world economy, this paper estimates the consequences of probabilistic projections of local sea level changes. Under an intermediate scenario of greenhouse gas emissions, permanent flooding is projected to reduce global real GDP by 0.19 percent in present value terms. By the year 2200, a projected 1.46 percent of the population will be displaced. Losses in coastal localities are much larger. When ignoring the dynamic response of investment and migration, the loss in real GDP in 2200 increases from 0.11 percent to 4.5 percent. (JEL E23, F01, Q54, Q56)

Hints of radio sources evolution

An understanding of the mechanisms that regulate the Active Galactic Nuclei passes through the study of their early life stages, observable in Compact Symmetric Objects. To this purpose, a study was carried out on two compact radio sources, based on data from the VLBA archive at different times and frequencies. The results are compatible with an intermediate scenario between the two main theories about these objects: frustration and youth.

Epilogue

This epilogue summarizes key themes and presents some final thoughts. This book examined one of the most intriguing and central components of biodiversity: ecological interactions. The analysis has revealed some patterns in the structure of mutualistic networks that pervade their organization despite the variable environmental settings where they occur. Network theory describes an intermediate scenario to the extremes of highly specific one-on-one coevolution and largely intractable diffuse coevolution. Network theory also provides useful tools aimed at the identification of the key elements supporting these complex networks. Understanding the modular structure of the interaction networks is central to identifying the basic coevolutionary units.