Identification and activity of active compound of bamboo leaves (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad ex.J.C) ethanolic extract against diabetic ulcers gram-negative bacteria from diabetic ulcer’s patient

Background: Bamboo leaves (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad ex.J.C) are plants that are known to have pharmacological activity, one of which is to have antibacterial activity. Diabetic Foot Ulcers (DFU) is one chronic complication of diabetes mellitus. DFU is open sores on the surface of the skin that can be accompanied by local tissue death. Infection that is not appropriately treated in patients can cause amputation. Improper use of antibiotics can cause resistance events. A resistance that occurs in Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli in isolates from DFU patients encourages researchers to look for alternative antibiotics from natural resources. Objective: Determine the profile of secondary metabolites by thin-layer chromatography, foam index, total phenols, total flavonoids and the antibacterial activity of bamboo (B. vulgaris) through the antibacterial with clear zone value of bamboo leaf ethanol extract against bacteria E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and P. mirabilis. Method: Phenol, flavonoid, and triterpenoid test using TLC method. Saponin tests were carried out using foam index, fish index, and hemolytic index test methods. Total flavonoid testing using Chang method and total phenol method using the Follin Ciocalteau reagent then proceed using a spectrophotometer. Test the antibacterial activity using the agar diffusion method. Results: Chromatographic profile, phenol, flavonoid, and triterpenoid compounds were obtained; saponin index obtained foam index of 333; fish index of 200; and the hemolytic index of 1,111. The total phenol test was 16.052 ± 3.12 % and the total flavonoid was 2.42 ± 0.44 %. Antibacterial activity test obtained MIC values of 60 mg/ml for E. coli bacteria; 100 mg/ml for the bacterium P. aeruginosa; and 30 mg/ml of P. mirabilis. Conclusion: The content of secondary metabolites found in the ethanol extract of bamboo leaves were flavonoid, phenol, saponin and triterpenoids. Ethanol extract of bamboo leaves has a the potential to produce antibacterial activity against gram-negative pathogenic bacteria isolated from diabetic wound patients Keywords: Bambusa vulgaris Schrad ex.J.C, total phenol, total flavonoid, MIC

Strengths and Weaknesses of Different Italian Fish Indices under the Water Framework Directive Guidelines

The ISECI (or F index) has been the first fish index to be recommended by the Italian Ministry of the Environment to assess the rivers ecological status with regard to fish communities, in accordance with the Water Framework Directive 2000/60 EC. In addition to ISECI, other fish indices have been developed such as the Forneris Ichthyic Index (I.I.) and a revised version of ISECI, the so-called NISECI. The latter is nowadays the reference Italian index in the framework of the Water Framework Directive. In this work, we analyzed 30 sampling sites along 18 watercourses in Northern Italy and computed the results of fish monitoring to evaluate the strength of ISECI and NISECI, as well as to assess weak points limiting their application. We detected several issues that undermine the ISECI effectiveness. The weakest point regarded the mismatch between the expected reference fish community and the sampled ones, which decreased the overall algorithm efficiency in the evaluation process. On the other hand, the results confirm the improvements introduced by NISECI. Although with some advancement, all three proposed indices revealed their weaknesses in the overall assessment of the ecological status of the water course, as also highlighted by a pioneering comparison with three expert-based blind judgements.

A stream multimetric fish index in a large-sized city in south-eastern Brazil

Aim Our study was carried out to develop a multimetric index suitable for urban wadeable streams in Sorocaba, a large-sized city from the Atlantic rainforest in south-eastern Brazil. Methods Twenty-seven stream stretches were selected for environmental and fish evaluation. Twenty ecological metrics were tested over an environmental gradient between the reference and degraded stretches. Candidate metrics were screened for range, responsiveness, and redundancy. We calculated a multimetric fish index (MFI) subdivided into five quality classes: reference ≥ 0.8, 0.6 ≤ good < 0.8, 0.4 ≤ moderate < 0.6, 0.2 ≤ poor < 0.4, and bad < 0.2. Results Four metrics were adequate for discriminating higher biotic quality from degraded stretches. Five stream stretches (18%) were classified as a reference or good, and 16 (60%) were poor or bad. Three reference stretches could be used for a hydromorphological restoration programme. Conclusion Our results indicated that biological integrity was altered, which was indicative of severe environmental degradation. Our study results may be useful for a management and restoration project of the Sorocaba/Médio Tietê hydrographic basin.

Relationship between the Water Quality Elements of Water Bodies and the Hydrometric Parameters: Case Study in Lithuania

The larger and deeper lakes and ponds are, the better the conditions for spontaneous water purification, slower hydrobiological processes and slower accumulation of sediment. The goal of this research was to assess the ecological status of selected Lithuanian lentic water bodies and the impact of morphometric indicators on water quality. Multiple studies were conducted on 29 lakes and 10 ponds located throughout Lithuania in 2014–2018. The study proved that higher maxima and average depths of lakes correlate with lower Ptotal, Ntotal yield and macrophyte taxonomic composition values, indicating higher ecological status class. Higher chlorophyll a EQR, ichthyofauna taxonomic composition indicator for Lithuanian fish index LFI and Lithuanian lakes’ macroinvertebrate index indicates a higher ecological class. Larger lake areas contain smaller amounts of Ptotal and Ntotal, indicating better ecological status class; higher ichthyophane taxonomic composition in LFI, zoobenthos taxonomic composition indicator for Lithuanian lakes’ macroinvertebrates index (LLMI) and taxonomic composition of macrophytes MRI indicate better ecological status class. Larger lake areas contain lower chlorophyll a EQR values. Rapid water exchange improves the condition of the lake in addition to nitrogen, phosphorus and chlorophyll a EQR values. The faster the water exchange in the lake is, the lower the Ptotal and Ntotal values; faster water exchange in the lake also means higher chlorophyll a EQR values. However, slower water exchange indicates better ecological status of the macrophytic taxonomic composition of the MRI, the ichthyofauna taxonomic composition and the Lithuanian lakes’ macroinvertebrates index indicator of zoobenthos.

Freshwater, Fish and the Future: Proceedings of the Global Cross-Sectoral Conference

<em>Abstract</em> .—The biological assessment of inland waters using ecological criteria is becoming more important due to the need to evaluate and monitor aquatic environments that are under heavy environmental stress. Turkey has been trying to develop a model to understand its inland waters in terms of the European Water Framework Directive’s (WFD) European fish index (EFI). The EFI is derived from assessment of five biological elements. The EFI is inappropriate for the conditions in Turkish inland waters; thus, the present study developed a fish-based index of biotic integrity for Turkey (FIBI-TR) as a suggestion. To assess the adequacy of the FIBI-TR, this study gathers field data in two selected basins in 2013 and 2014 according to WFD criteria for biological elements and physicochemical parameters, simultaneously. The FIBI-TR was then compared to the scores derived from the WFD score, which was a cumulative score for all related biological elements, and with other frequently used indices such as the Water Pollution Control Directive and trophic state index. Based on these data, the FIBI-TR seems to be congruent with cumulative WFD scores. However, the FIBI-TR does not agree with other indices based on physicochemical parameters. Detailed research is needed if WFD is to be adapted for Turkey through FIBI-TR.