Characteristics and sensory properties of lemongrass, roselle, and ginger formulation herbal tea

Herbal tea is a general term used for beverages that are not derived from Camellia sinensis tea leaves. Herbal teas are made from the flowers, seeds, and roots of various plants. Lemongrass, roselle, and ginger are plants that have the potential to be used as herbal tea ingredients. This study aims to obtain the best formulation of lemongrass, roselle, and ginger herbal teas. This research was conducted using a single Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 concentrations of dried lemongrass, roselle, and ginger treatments. the lemongrass, roselle and ginger formulations used in this study were 1:1:1; 2:1:1; 1:2:1; and 1:1:2. The best formulation is the ratio of lemongrass, roselle, and ginger 1:2:1 with total phenol characteristics of 11.159 mg GAE/g; antioxidant activity 79.7%; acidity 3.24; and the description of the colour Dark Moderate Orange with organoleptic test results showed a rather like result on overall acceptance.

Penentuan Total Fenolik, Uji Antioksidan, Dan Uji Antibakteri Pada Ekstrak Etanol Jantung Pisang Ambon (Musa acuminate Colla)

Banana plant is one type of plant that contains chemical compounds that can be used for treatment. One part of the plant that has not been fully utilized is the heart of the Ambon banana (Musa acuminate Colla). Banana flower is known to contain flavonoid compounds, phenols, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and coumarins. One of the compounds belonging to the flavonoid group which generally includes natural antioxidant compounds and has an antimicrobial function is phenolic compounds. The purpose of this study was to determine the total phenols, to examine the activity of antioxidants, antibacterials, and the ethanol extract of Ambon banana flower (Musa acuminate Colla). Determination of total phenol using the GAE (Gallic Acid Equivalence) method, antioxidant analysis using the FRAP method, and the antibacterial activity test using the paper disc method. The total phenol yield obtained was 17.7291 ± 0.102 mg GAE/g extract, the results from the antioxidant test were obtained with an EC50 value of 0.0628 µmolFe2+/g sampel extract, which means that the ethanolic extract of Ambon banana flower has a high antioxidant activity value, and antibacterial results in the extract. with a medium average (5-10 mm). From the results of tests carried out, the ethanol extract of Ambon banana flower has antioxidant activity and has little antibacterial power.Keywords : Banana plants; Ambon banana flower; antioxidants; antibacterial; total phenol AbstrakTanaman pisang merupakan salah satu jenis tanaman yang mengandung senyawa kimia yang dapat digunakan untuk pengobatan. Salah satu bagian tanaman yang belum dimanfaatkan secara maksimal adalah jantung pisang ambon (Musa acuminate Colla). Jantung pisang diketahui mengandung senyawa flavonoid, fenol, alkaloid, tannin, saponin, dan kumarin. Salah satu senyawa yang termasuk golongan flavonoid yang umumnya termasuk senyawa antioksidan alami dan memiliki fungsi antimikroba yaitu senyawa fenolik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu penentuan total fenol, meneliti aktivitas antioksidan, antibakteri, dan pada ekstrak etanol jantung pisang ambon (Musa acuminate Colla). Penentuan total fenol menggunakan metode GAE (Equivalensi Asam Galat), analisis antioksidan menggunakan metode FRAP, dan uji aktivitas antibakteri menggunakan metode kertas cakram. Hasil total fenol yang diperoleh 17,7291 ± 0,102 mg GAE/g ekstrak, hasil dari uji antioksidan didapat dengan nilai EC50 pada ekstrak 0,0628 µmolFe2+/g sampel yang berarti ekstrak etanol jantung pisang ambon mempunyai nilai aktivitas antioksidan yang tinggi, dan hasil antibakteri pada ekstrak dengan rata-rata sedang (5-10 mm). Dari hasil pengujian yang dilakukan ekstrak etanol jantung pisang ambon mempunyai aktivitas antioksidan dan mempunyai sedikit daya antibakteri. Kata kunci : Tanaman pisang; jantung pisang ambon; antioksidan; antibakteri; total fenol.

Evaluation of physical and chemical composition of concentrated fermented cabbage juice

Fermented products have gained worldwide popularity for their nutritional and health aspects. Many studies have been done on this topic, including fermented cabbage (sauerkraut). Yet little or no studies are done on evaluation of fermented cabbage juice which is considered as by-product of sauerkraut production, still rich in bioactive compounds. In order to reduce food waste, sustainable solutions are being searched for to preserve valuable fermented cabbage juice. The aim of this study was to evaluate chemical and physical composition of concentrated fermented cabbage juice and their changes after storage. The fermented cabbage juice was concentrated on falling film evaporator from 9.2 till 34.3 °Brix. Physio-chemical (moisture, pH, total soluble solids, total phenol content, antiradical activity by DPPH and ABTS+, ascorbic acid, total sugar profile, nitrates and minerals) and microbiological (lactic acid bacteria, total plate count) analyses were carried out. Concentrated fermented cabbage juice is a source of minerals and phenol compounds as well as salt substitute in food applications. After 6 months of storage there is significant degradation of ascorbic acid but total phenol content is not affected. The evaporation process did not inhibit microbiological activity; as a result, there is a decrease in lactic acid bacteria but increase in total plate count.

PERBEDAAN AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN MINUMAN SEGAR DAN MINUMAN INSTAN DARI JAHE (Zingiber officinale var rubrum), PALA (Myristica fragrans Houtt) DAN SERAI (Cymbopogon nardus L)

This study aims to obtain fresh and instant drink formulas from ginger, nutmeg and lemongrass that are accepted by the panelists and have the best antioxidant activity. This study used the RAL method with 6 treatments 3 replications, and fresh drink formulations of FA1: ginger 300mL, nutmeg 100mL, lemongrass 100mL, FA2: ginger 300mL, nutmeg 50mL, lemongrass 150mL, FA3: ginger 300mL, nutmeg 25mL, lemongrass 175 mL and instant drinks FA4: ginger 300mL, nutmeg 100mL, lemongrass 100mL, FA5: ginger 300mL, 50mL of nutmeg, 150mL of lemongrass, FA6: ginger 300mL, nutmeg 25mL, lemongrass 175 mL, then analyzed for total phenol content, antioxidant activity as an antidote to free radicals, then using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed that the highest total phenol content was in the FA3 treatment of 10.81 mgGAE / g, and the lowest was in the FA4 treatment of 0.22 mgGAE / g. The results of the analysis of antioxidant activity as an antidote to DPPH free radicals at a concentration of 100ppm showed that the highest percentage of inhibition was obtained in the FA3 treatment of 52.18% and the lowest was in the FA4 treatment, namely 42.59%. Whereas for the IC50 value, the highest value was found in the FA3 treatment with a concentration of 56.8 ppm, and the lowest was in the FA4 treatment with a concentration of 116.05 ppm. The best treatment based on the sensory test of instant drinks, the most preferred by the panelists was in the FA5 treatment with a value of 4.35, and the lowest was in the FA6 treatment with a value of 4. The results of this study can be concluded that the fresh drinks that have the best total phenols are found in the FA3 treatment, where as for instant drinks that have the best total phenols in the FA5 treatment, and for fresh drinks and instant drinks that have the best antioxidant activity are in the FA3 treatment, for pelyan persistic preferences testing FA5.Keywords: Ginger, Nutmeg, Lemongrass, Total Phenol, Antioxidant.

Effect of drying condition on physicochemical and antioxidant properties of dried Moringa leaf powder

Profile of physicochemical and antioxidant activity of dried Moringa leaves from Bangladesh are presented. Moringa is beneficial for health because it has a lot of nutritional and medicinal values. The leaves were collected and washed with distilled water at different temperatures in an oven dryer, and then the fine powder is taken as a sample by grinding and sieving method. This research was done to compare the changes in physicochemical and antioxidant elements at different temperatures (60°C, 70°C and 80°C) and to find the right temperature at which the nutrient loss will be the lowest. This study showed that as the drying temperature changed, so did the nutrient component of Moringa leaves. Physicochemical parameters (moisture, ash, protein, carbohydrate, fat, color) and antioxidant activity (Total phenol content, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, vitamin C, and ß-carotene) were extracted using a variety of methods. The protein content, carbohydrate content was estimated by the Kjeldahl and phenol sulfuric acid method respectively. Total phenol content (38.30 mg/100g), DPPH (77.79%), and ßcarotene (22.71mg/100g) were measured by the spectrophotometric method. And the colorimeter instrument is used for determining the optical properties. It can be seen that the moisture, ash, protein, carbohydrate, Total phenol content, Vitamin C, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, ß-carotene contents decrease significantly with increasing drying temperature, whereas fat content increases. At 60°C drying temperature the nutrient loss was lowest compared to 70°C and 80°C drying temperature, so it can be concluded that 60°C is the most suitable temperature for drying Moringa leaves.

Influence of Different Coffee Brewing Methods on the Biochemical Composition of Fruit Juice and Coffee Drink

A fruit juice and coffee drink is an interesting combination that provides the necessary bioactive compounds and caffeine for the whole day. The coffee brewing method changes not only the amount of caffeine but also the taste of fruit juice and coffee drink. The least bitter taste is felt in cold brewed coffee, making it an ideal ingredient for a fruit juice and coffee drink. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of preparing technologies for creating an innovative fruit juice and coffee drink with a high content of bioactive compounds. Four different types of medium-roasted “Lofbergs” coffee beans were compared, as well as two brewing techniques: French press (hot coffee) and cold-brew. Concentration of vitamin C, pH, soluble solids content, titratable acids, total phenol content, DPPH antiradical activity, and sensory analyses were determined for all prepared samples. Concentration of vitamin C in juice with coffee was from 10.36 to 22.60 mg·100 g−1, and the highest vitamin C concentration was preserved in the pasteurised juice and coffee drink with cold-brew coffee preparation technique. Concentration of soluble solids was from 12.3 to 12.6%, titratable acids from 0.79 to 0.87%, pH from 2.68 to 2.88, total phenols from 54.31 to 129.26 mg·100 g−1, and the highest total phenol concentration was obtained in the pasteurised fruit and coffee drink with smooth and sweet coffee beans prepared using the cold-brew technique. DPPH antiradical activity was from 126.24 to 177.89 mg·100 g−1 in the tested samples, and the highest DPPH antiradical activity was detected in the pasteurised fruit and coffee drink with sweet and nutty coffee beans prepared with cold-brew technique. The best sensory profile was for coffee and juice drinks with “Lofbergs” Medium roast Fruity and Velvety Rwanda coffee beans and “Lofbergs” Medium roast prepared with cold-brew technology.

Assessment role of total phenols and flavonoids extracted from Pleurotus columbinus mushroom on the premature ovarian failure induced by chemotherapy in rats

Background Many species of mushroom contain an assortment of free radical scavengers (Phenolics and Flavonoids compounds) that have made them nutritionally beneficial and a source of expansion of drug production. In this study, we examined the preventive and remedial role of total phenol extract from Pleurotus columbines (TP) in alleviating the consequences of cyclophosphamide (CTX) on the ovaries of female rats. Rats were randomly assigned to four groups: healthy controls, cyclophosphamide (CTX), received a TP (100 mg/kg) orally daily for 14 days and curative group: CTX-TP, we determined and identified a total phenol from a mushroom extract and examined it as an antioxidant agent. To investigate the therapeutic influence, it was administrated 2 weeks after CTX. To assess the impact of TP on ovarian damage caused by CTX, ovarian hormone tests were performed such as luteinizing hormone (LH), 17-β-estradiol (E2), and anti-mullerian hormone (AMH). Besides, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in serum was evaluated, and histopathological analysis of the ovary was examined. Results This study indicates that treatment with TP decreased the severity of cyclophosphamide-induced ovary injury by reducing inflammation and apoptotic effects and increasing the activity of antioxidants. Conclusions TP could be used to alleviate cyclophosphamide-induced ovary injury.

Identification of components in Kazakhstan honeys that correlate with antimicrobial activity against wound and skin infecting microorganisms

Background Antimicrobial drug resistance is a major public health threat that can render infections including wound and skin infections untreatable. The discovery of new antimicrobials is critical. Approaches to discover novel antimicrobial therapies have included investigating the antimicrobial activity of natural sources such as honey. In this study, the anti-microbial activity and chemical composition of 12 honeys from Kazakhstan and medical grade manuka honey were investigated. Methods Agar well diffusion and broth culture assays were used to determine anti-microbial activity against a range of skin and wound infecting micro-organisms. Folin-Ciocalteu method was used to determine the total phenol content of the honeys and non-targeted liquid chromatography analysis was performed to identify components that correlated with antimicrobial activity. Results In the well diffusion assay, the most susceptible micro-organisms were a clinical isolate of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 19433). Buckwheat & multi-floral honey from Kazakhstan demonstrated the highest antimicrobial activity against these two micro-organisms. Kazakhstan honeys with a buckwheat floral source, and manuka honey had the highest total phenol content. Non-targeted liquid chromatography analysis identified components that correlated with anti-microbial activity as hydroxyphenyl acetic acid, p-coumaric acid, (1H)–quinolinone, and abscisic acid. Conclusions The Kazakhstan honeys selected in this study demonstrated antimicrobial activity against wound and skin infecting micro-organisms. Compounds identified as correlating with antimicrobial activity could be considered as potential bioactive agents for the treatment of wound and skin infections.

The effects of soil temperature from soil mulching and harvest age on phenol, flavonoid and antioxidant contents of Java tea (Orthosiphon aristatus B.)

Background The environmental conditions resulted by the agronomic management practices may govern the secondary metabolite contents of medicinal plants, including Java tea (Orthosiphon aristatus B). Abiotic factors such as temperatures have been known to determine the secondary metabolite contents of Java tea. This study aimed at evaluating the effects of soil temperature resulting from soil mulching and harvest age on total phenol, flavonoid and antioxidant contents of Java tea. Methods The research was arranged using nested (hierarchy design) with completely randomized design under a screen house at Karanganyar, Indonesia, from July to December 2019. The main factor was soil mulching (control; black plastic mulch, transparent plastic mulch, biodegradable mulch and rice straw mulch) with three replicates. The main factor was nested in the temporal hierarchy factor, namely harvest age which consisted of two levels, i.e., 80 and 100 days. The observation parameters were soil temperature of 10 min (maximum; mean; minimum and soil temperature-based Growing Degree Days, GDD) with sensors and logger; plant growth (plant height, number of leaves, fresh and dry weight); and secondary metabolites including phenol, flavonoids and antioxidant. Results The results confirmed the order of the highest to the lowest mean soil temperature was resulted under the transparent plastic mulch > straw > black plastic mulch > control > biodegradable plastic mulch (26.69 > 26.29 > 26.10 > 26.07 > 25.68 °C, respectively). Overall, the harvest age 100 days resulted in higher plant growth, indicated by the higher fresh and dry weight of biomass, higher phenol and antioxidant contents than 80 days. Soil mulching, especially with plastic and biodegradable plastic mulches with long harvest age (100 days) effected into lower fresh and dry weight of plants. On the other hand, soil mulching indirectly resulted in lower phenol but higher flavonoid contents through higher soil temperature, while antioxidant contents were higher under the big soil temperature-based Growing Degree Day (GDD). The total phenol, flavonoids and antioxidant produced ranging from 193.75 to 412.50 mg GAE/ 100 g DW; 81.13 to 141.47 mg QE/ 100 g DW; and 1875.5–2144.4 µmol TE/g DW. Conclusion Higher maximum soil temperature resulted in lower phenol content, while higher minimum soil temperature and shorter harvest age increased total flavonoid. Longer harvest age produced more total phenol and antioxidant due to bigger soil temperature-based Growing Degree Day (GDD). Graphical Abstract