A Brief Review of the Studies of Teacher Talk in Second Language Classrooms

This paper systematically reviews the studies of second language teacher talk in language classrooms firstly from the perspective of framework and then from three categories-linguistic function, medium-oriented function, procedural and regulative function. Next, a critical review of the relevant literature in China will be presented with the help of the tool <em>Citespace</em>. Through the comparison of studies at home and abroad, it is of significance to enhance the research in primary and secondary schools in China and consider the frameworks of teacher talk given by domestic authoritative scholars and look deep into teachers' discourse awareness and competence. Additionally, there are still many fields that researchers have not paid attention to, such as language selection and conversion, language ability, other time of teacher talk (play time; silence), lesson type (listening and speaking, reading and writing) etc.

What political corruption is

This chapter describes political corruption as a deficit of office accountability in the institutional conduct of officeholders. Office accountability is the basic component of a public ethics of office. It is realized when officeholders act in their institutional capacity on an agenda whose rationale may be vindicated as coherent with the terms of their power mandate. Office accountability differs from the idea that officeholders must respond ex post for their conduct. The idea of office accountability has an action-guiding and regulative function for officeholders as they conduct their institutional duties. This idea points to the interrelatedness between the occupants of institutional roles and their mutual duties. Political corruption is a deficit of office accountability that concerns officeholders’ interrelated actions; in this sense, it is a matter of a public ethics of office.

Strategies for Character Measurement

Chapter 5 takes offers strategies for the measurement of character as a whole, not just of specific virtues. Specifically, it discusses measuring virtue constellations to describe the co-manifestation of multiple virtues that (in part) constitute a person’s character; the measurement of the regulative function of practical wisdom (or phronēsis) as one way of explaining interrelations among virtues, and the measurement of the reflective function of practical wisdom as it contributes to conscious awareness of the dynamics among virtues and manifests in virtue-relevant goals, values, and identity.

Kinetically distinct phases of tau on microtubules regulate kinesin motors and severing enzymes

Tau is an intrinsically disordered protein, which diffuses on microtubules. In neurodegenerative diseases collectively termed tauopathies, tau malfunction and its detachment from axonal microtubules is correlated with microtubule degradation. It is known that tau can protect microtubules from microtubule-degrading enzymes, such as katanin. However, how tau can fulfill such regulative function is still unclear. Using in vitro reconstitution, we here show that tau molecules on microtubules cooperatively form islands of an ordered layer with regulatory qualities distinct from a comparably dense layer of diffusible tau. These islands shield the microtubules from katanin and kinesin-1 but are penetrable by kinesin-8 which causes the islands to disassemble. Our results indicate a new phase of tau, constituting an adjustable protective sheath around microtubules.

Guilt Dynamics: Consequences of Temporally Separating Decisions and Actions

The current research demonstrates that temporally separating a consumer’s initial decision to perform a guilt-inducing action from its actual enactment reduces the guilt felt while acting. This hypothesis follows from the development of a dynamic model that unpacks guilt into two distinct components. Initially, one experiences decision guilt accompanying the decision to act or the realization that one will act; subsequently, one experiences action guilt while engaging in the guilt-inducing behavior. Four experiments and two pilot studies reveal that introducing a temporal “decision-enactment gap” enables decision guilt to decay in this interim period, which lowers the overall guilt experienced upon acting. In line with the self-regulative function of guilt, decision-enactment gaps also increase indulgent consumption and decrease post-behavior atonement. This decoupling process can thus alleviate guilt that might otherwise detract from experiences, but may come at a cost to self-control efforts. The authors discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.

Hypoxia-induced microRNA-146a represses Bcl-2 through Traf6/IRAK1 but not Smad4 to promote chondrocyte autophagy

It has been shown that hypoxia stimulation promotes chondrocytes autophagy partly through HIF-1α, miR-146a and Bcl-2 progressively, and this mechanism represented the connection among hypoxia, miR-146a and autophagy, and provides a possible therapeutic strategy for osteoarthritis. However, the interaction between miR-146a and Bcl-2 is still unclear. Here in a hypoxic environment, we quantified the three reported miR-146a targets: two inflammation related targets Traf6, IRAK1; and the only reported target in chondrocytes Smad4. We confirmed the regulative function of miR-146a between hypoxia and these genes, and explored the Bcl-2 expression and autophagy level under extrinsic up-regulation of these three gene separately. All the three genes were down-regulated by hypoxia. Surprisingly, Traf6 and IRAK, but not the unique Smad4 in chondrocytes, were restored by antagomiR-146a. Both Ad-Traf6 and Ad-IRAK1 reinstated hypoxia or miR-146a repressed Bcl-2. However, Ad-Smad4 did not affect Bcl-2 in hypoxia or normoxia. The autophagy level showed a reverse variability compared to Bcl-2. Taken together, our results provided evidence that Smad4, the unique reported target for miR-146a in chondrocytes is unusually not involved in the chondrocytes autophagy, while the Traf6 and IRAK1 are the new targets for miR-146a in chondrocytes during autophagy.