Media Business Literacy in the Digital Age

The digital age is changing everything forever. Media is changing in many ways ranging from the way people screen it to the way it is operated as a business. Profitable mainstream media of yesterday is struggling to survive against disruptive innovation brought by new technologies and being challenged by giant technology companies such as Google and Facebook, which are forming a duopoly, especially in terms of digital advertising revenues. These conditions are forcing media managers to be more literate than ever. Although there is a definition for media literacy and business literacy, there is no definition for media business literacy yet. This study will try to make a definition of media business literacy, which should involve stakeholders, markets, products, customers, competitors, financial terminology, and financial statements. After this broad definition, the rest of the chapter will focus on the changing media industry structure providing an insight on some financial and numerical information that needs to be understood by everyone interested in media business.

Platform Work in Europe: The need for a multilevel solution to protect the so-called self-employed

To protect the so-called self-employed, a multilevel solution is needed. Requalification is a first step and to do this, a broad definition of the employment agreement and the presumption of an employment agreement in some situations, is useful. But even then, a clear distinction between bogus self-employed and real entrepreneurs is sometimes difficult to make and requalification for the self-employed who work for individuals is problematic. Working on the base of a service contract gives some protection and besides that, protection for all working people is needed, such as, for example, a financial contribution in case of disability.

Conceptualising Office

The chapter examines what early modern Britons understood by ‘office’ and its relationship with corruption. It adopts a broad definition of office, since the boundary between ‘public’ and ‘private’ office was something worked out during the period 1600–1850, and office in a mercantile corporation such as the East India Company was something of a hybrid. The discussion traces the evolution over the period of the notion of ‘public office’ and highlights a landmark legal case in 1783 that defined misconduct in public office. The second half of the chapter examines the secondary literature on office and seeks to connect work on ‘modern’ conceptions of office, which is often seen as emerging from the 1780s onwards, with research into earlier ideas and practices.

Recent Feminist Approaches to Interpreting the New Testament

This article provides an overview of feminist approaches to the New Testament from the period of 2000 to early 2021. Using a broad definition of ‘feminist’ (to include virtually any work focused primarily on women or female issues presented in the biblical text) and a more stringent definition of ‘New Testament’ (including only those texts that are a part of the New Testament canon, but not larger socio-historical studies or extracanonical literature), the article offers an overview of trends in feminist scholarship on the Gospels and Acts, the Pauline epistles, the General Epistles and Hebrews, and Revelation, noting that this body of scholarship may be characterized as being diverse, collaborative, and centered on female characters within the New Testament texts. With open vistas for exploration remaining, the article forecasts a rich future for feminist approaches to the New Testament.

Perspective on Data Science

The field of data science currently enjoys a broad definition that includes a wide array of activities which borrow from many other established fields of study. Having such a vague characterization of a field in the early stages might be natural, but over time maintaining such a broad definition becomes unwieldy and impedes progress. In particular, the teaching of data science is hampered by the seeming need to cover many different points of interest. Data scientists must ultimately identify the core of the field by determining what makes the field unique and what it means to develop new knowledge in data science. In this review we attempt to distill some core ideas from data science by focusing on the iterative process of data analysis and develop some generalizations from past experience. Generalizations of this nature could form the basis of a theory of data science and would serve to unify and scale the teaching of data science to large audiences. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Statistics, Volume 9 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Re-evaluating vocal production learning in non-oscine birds

The study of vocal production learning in birds is heavily biased towards oscine songbirds, making the songbird model the reference for comparative studies. However, as vocal learning was probably ancestral in songbirds, interspecific variations might all be variations on a single theme and need not be representative of the nature and characteristics of vocal learning in other bird groups. To assess the possible mechanisms of vocal learning and its evolution therefore requires knowledge about independently evolved incidences of vocal learning. This review examines the presence and nature of vocal production learning in non-songbirds. Using a broad definition of vocal learning and a comparative phylogenetic framework, I evaluate the evidence for vocal learning and its characteristics in non-oscine birds, including well-known vocal learners such as parrots and hummingbirds but also (putative) cases from other taxa. Despite the sometimes limited evidence, it is clear that vocal learning occurs in a range of different, non-related, taxa and can be caused by a variety of mechanisms. It is more widespread than often realized, calling for more systematic studies. Examining this variation may provide a window onto the evolution of vocal learning and increase the value of comparative research for understanding vocal learning in humans. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Vocal learning in animals and humans’.

Introduction

The Introduction establishes the key theoretical paradigms within which the book is positioned. It contextualizes the contemporary vegan movement and offers a broad definition of veganism, and its distinction from vegetarianism, before situating the work within the emergent field of vegan theory and detailing its origins in the related fields of animal studies, ecocriticism, posthumanism, food studies, and moral philosophy. Vegan theory’s key points of intersection with contemporary queer theory are also elaborated. The Introduction argues that veganism might best be conceptualized as a state of strategic insufficiency, and queering of normative humanity, in which a sense of failure and complicity co-exists alongside utopian gestures and ethical commitments.

Conclusion

This dissertation provided a descriptive analysis of the phenomenon of discrimination. We first dissected discrimination by means of decision theory. In so doing, we started with a broad definition of discrimination and then identified more and more distinctive manifestations of it. First of all, we separated social from non-social discrimination.

Co-Offending and the Role of Accomplices

The social nature of crime is one of the most well-recognized and established features of offending. Accomplices come in many forms, ranging from informal co-offenders drawn from available pools of offenders (i.e., friends, acquaintances) to more formal gang-related associates. For the purposes of this review, an accomplice will be considered anyone an individual has engaged in crime or participated in a criminal enterprise with. This broad definition (as opposed to its strict legal definition) enables an exhaustive and theoretically meaningful assessment of the group nature of crime to include collective spontaneous crime, co-offending, gang-related, and organized crime. Even within various accomplice relationships, individuals occupy various roles and positions that contribute to the diffusion of information within accomplice networks, commission of crime, and consequences. The study of accomplices has led to descriptive patterns of group-based offending, theoretical development aimed at understanding the decision to engage in crime with others, and a consideration of how such involvement impacts subsequent behavior. The following entry overviews key areas related to accomplices and references scholarship that explores this important dimension of crime.

Information interventions as a new dimension of Ukraine's cyber-vulnerability

In the article, the author analyzes information interventions as threats to the cybernetic security of Ukraine. The relevance of this study is due to the fact that large number of socially dangerous acts aimed at harming state interests can now be used both in the information space and in purely cyberspace. Since such actions are performed using computer systems and performed in cyberspace, we propose to define this type of intervention as “cybernetic intervention”, describing it as a separate group of socially dangerous acts aimed at damaging the information infrastructure of States, vital areas of society's existence. The main aim of this study is to analyze information intervention as a threat to cyber security of Ukraine. The interpretation of terms that make up the conceptual and categorical apparatus of the subject of research is carried out. A narrow definition of the concept of “information intervention” is proposed as the violent intervention of one or more subjects of information relations in the activities of another or others, and a broad definition – a certain set of aggressive actions that are aimed at influencing public opinion and decision-making within one or another country and achieving clearly defined results.