Toxicities of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons for Aquatic Animals

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic compounds that are widely distributed in the air, water, and soil. Recently, the amount of PAHs derived from fuels and from incomplete combustion processes is increasing. In the aquatic environment, oil spills directly cause PAH pollution and affect marine organisms. Oil spills correlate very well with the major shipping routes. Furthermore, accidental oil spills can seriously impact the marine environment toxicologically. Here, we describe PAH toxicities and related bioaccumulation properties in aquatic animals, including invertebrates. Recent studies have revealed the toxicity of PAHs, including endocrine disruption and tissue-specific toxicity, although researchers have mainly focused on the carcinogenic toxicity of PAHs. We summarize the toxicity of PAHs regarding these aspects. Additionally, the bioaccumulation properties of PAHs for organisms, including invertebrates, are important factors when considering PAH toxicity. In this review, we describe the bioaccumulation properties of PAHs in aquatic animals. Recently, microplastics have been the most concerning environmental problem in the aquatic ecosystem, and the vector effect of microplastics for lipophilic compounds is an emerging environmental issue. Here, we describe the correlation between PAHs and microplastics. Thus, we concluded that PAHs have a toxicity for aquatic animals, indicating that we should emphasize the prevention of aquatic PAH pollution.

Using Precision Environmental Health Principles in Risk Evaluation and Communication of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill

This article provides a description of the rationale and processes adopted by the Gulf Coast Health Alliance: Health Risks related to the Macondo Spill consortium to evaluate and communicate the risk of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in seafood over several years following the Deepwater Horizon disaster and subsequent oil spill. We examined gaps in knowledge associated with PAH toxicity following exposure to petrogenic (oil-derived) PAHs by studying the metabolic fate of PAHs and their potential toxicity using sophisticated analytical methods. Using the data generated, we developed a risk communication strategy designed to meet the needs of the stakeholder communities including a consumption guideline calculator, a web-based tool to reconcile seafood consumption with risk of adverse health effects.

Skrining Spons Potensial Sebagai Biodegradator Hidrokarbon Berdasarkan Data Morfologi

Sea morphological sponge searches that potentially degrade contaminated wastes Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) are important to aim to identify earlier physical features of marine sponge types that potentially reduce the toxicity of PAH. Previous research has shown that a special type of marine sponge marker that may be symbiotic with microorganisms capable of producing enzymes for degradation of PAH, whose body structure contains mucus or its body is protected by a black layer such as mud embodied as mucus. Sponge identification method is done by noting the special sign (color, texture, shape, size and depth of sampling). Then sequentially the sponge morphology identification followed the guidebook. The results of the analysis of four types of sponges, found that the sponge Petrosia (Strongylophora) corticata (Sp 1) in the body there is mucus and Niphates sp (Sp 2) along the surface found a black layer of textured mucus. The structure indicates that the two potential sponges form a symbiont with certain types of bacteria that can destabilize the PAH benzene ring, so that the PAH toxicity level decreases. Hyrtios erectus (Sp3) and Clathria (Thalysias) reinwardti (Sp 4) sponges, both of which do not potentially contain bacterial symbionts that can reduce the toxicity of PAH