Electroanalysis of Fentanyl and Its New Analogs: A Review

The review describes fentanyl and its analogs as new synthetic opioids and the possibilities of their identification and determination using electrochemical methods (e.g., voltammetry, potentiometry, electrochemiluminescence) and electrochemical methods combined with various separation methods. The review also covers the analysis of new synthetic opioids, their parent compounds, and corresponding metabolites in body fluids, such as urine, blood, serum, and plasma, necessary for a fast and accurate diagnosis of intoxication. Identifying and quantifying these addictive and illicit substances and their metabolites is necessary for clinical, toxicological, and forensic purposes. As a reaction to the growing number of new synthetic opioid intoxications and increasing fatalities observed over the past ten years, we provide thorough background for developing new biosensors, screen-printed electrodes, or other point-of-care devices.

Synthesis of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients using Electrochemical Methods: Keys to Improve Sustainability

Organic electrochemistry is receiving renewed attention as a green and cost-efficient synthetic technology. Electrochemical methods promote redox transformations by electron exchange between electrodes and species in solution, thus avoiding the...

Optimization of the preparation method of a mechanically strong carbon electrode

Nowadays, a strategy for the utilization of secondary resources to obtain valuable components is actual. It will lead to the most rational use of natural resources and environmental protection. Electrochemical methods are perfectly applicable to solve this problem. Electrochemical methods allow concentrating of the target components without preliminary preparation of the raw material. Carbon materials (CM) based on plant and carbon-mineral raw materials are an excellent option as a matrix for obtaining the electrodes, due to their availability, low cost, high specific surface area, and the presence of different functional groups. The lack of theoretical substantiation of the adsorption phenomena on carbon electrodes served as an incentive for the study and development of a method for obtaining a mechanically strong electrode based on modified carbon and polyethylene. The design and mechanical strength of carbon electrodes (CE) are of great importance for the efficiency of purification and extraction of valuable components. In this article, we obtained carbon mate- rial from walnut shells by hydrothermal carbonization with further steam-gas activation (the specific surface area is 754.0 m2/g). The structural, physicochemical characteristics of the carbon material, binder, and carrier material were studied by the following methods: scanning electron microscope (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorymetry (TGA-DSC). The method of hot-pressing is applied for obtaining the carbon electrodes. Using the method of full-factor experiment and steepest ascent, the values of pressure and temperature during pressing and the ratio of carbon material: binder was optimized: P = 226 atm; T = 90.8 °C; carbon material: binder ratio = 67.5:32.5 %, respectively

ПОРІВНЯЛЬНА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ЕЛЕКТРОХІМІЧНИХ МЕТОДІВ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ВМІСТУ ВАЖКИХ МЕТАЛІВ У СТІЧНИХ ВОДАХ

Сompare the various modern electrochemical research methods effectiveness used to determine the heavy metals concentration in waste water, based on the literature data. Methodology. Analysis of literature data on the possibilities, advantages and disadvantages of voltammetric, potentiometric, coulometric and conductometric methods for the heavy metals content studying in waste water. Findings. The electrochemical methods are the most common methods for analyzing the composition of waste water. Among their advantages, it should be noted high selectivity, low concentration registration limit (up to 10-10 M for stripping voltammetric methods), simplicity in execution, absence of preliminary long-term samples preparation for analysis, the ability to microvolumes measure without samples destroying and automation of the process for continuous metals concentrations determination in waste water treatment, relatively inexpensive equipment, the ability to determine the concentration of several metal ions in a mixture. Originality. The studies have shown that most often the concentration of heavy metals in waste water determine with the using of the different modifications of voltammetric research methods (polarography and varieties of stripping voltammetry) and potentiometric research methods in particular with highly sensitive and specific ion-selective indicator electrodes. Practical value. The theoretical material on modern electrochemical methods for the heavy metal ions content determining in waste water is generalized.

Electrochemical Study of the Reduction of Levulinic Acid in Acetonitrile on Various Electrodes

The reduction of levulinic acid by electrochemical methods in acetonitrile with or without proton donor on platinum, rhodium, glassy carbon, dropping mercury, iron, copper and lead electrodes were studied. The reduction of levulinic acid was shown to depend on the nature of electrode material and to proceed according to either electrocatalytic or electrochemical mechanisms